Key Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
A
Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
A
Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
A
Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)
5
Q
Aneurysm, dissecting
A
Hypertension
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A
Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
8
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
9
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
10
Q
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
A
H. pylori
11
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
A
Neisseria meningitidis
12
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
A
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
13
Q
Benign melanocytic nevus
A
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
14
Q
Bleeding disorder with Gplb deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)
15
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) >meningioma> schwannoma
16
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial : craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
17
Q
Breast cancer
A
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, l in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
18
Q
Breast mass
A
- Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
19
Q
Breast tumor (benign)
A
Fibroadenoma
20
Q
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
21
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
22
Q
Cardiac tumor (adults)
A
- Metastasis 2. Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”)
23
Q
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
24
Q
Chronic arrhythmia
A
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
25
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause perniciousanemia)
26
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
27
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I : postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
28
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
29
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
30
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
31
Constrictive pericarditis
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
32
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
33
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
34
Cushing's syndrome
1. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary 3. Small cell lung carcinoma
35
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
36
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
37
Death in CML
Blast crisis
38
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
39
Dementia
1. Alzheimer's disease 2. Multiple infarcts
40
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
41
DIC
Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
42
Dietary deficit
Iron
43
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
44
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
45
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
46
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
47
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
48
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U. S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
49
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
50
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
51
Helminth infection (U.S.)
1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides
52
Hematoma-epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
53
Hematoma-subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
54
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
55
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C)
56
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
57
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
58
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
59
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type l, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
60
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
61
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
62
Hypertension, Secondary
Renal disease
63
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
64
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
65
Infection Secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
66
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
67
Kidney stones
1. Calcium = radiopaque 2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid = radiolucent
68
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L to R becomes R to L)
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
69
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
70
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
71
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
72
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
73
Malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
74
Mental retardation
1. Down syndrome 2. Fragile X syndrome
75
Metastases to bone
Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
76
Metastases to brain
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
77
Metastases to liver
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
78
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
79
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
80
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
81
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
82
Neoplasm (kids)
1. ALL (B-ALL and T-ALL) 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
83
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
84
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
85
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome
86
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
87
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
89
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
90
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
91
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
93
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
94
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
95
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
96
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
97
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult - 60, CML: adult 30-60
99
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
100
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
101
Pituitary tumor
1. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
102
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45XO)
103
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
104
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
105
Primary hyperparathyroidism
1. Adenomas 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma
106
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin)
107
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
108
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
109
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
110
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
111
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
112
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
113
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
114
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
115
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
116
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
117
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
118
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
119
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
120
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
121
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
122
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
123
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness clue to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
124
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
125
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
126
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
127
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
128
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
130
Type of Hodgkin's
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
131
Type of non-Hodgkin's
Diffuse large cell
132
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
133
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
134
Vitamin deficiency (U. S .)
Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only a 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
