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Step 1 > Key Association > Flashcards

Key Association Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increase intralcrainal pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretio)

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3
Q

Acute gstric ulcer associated with sever burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucousa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (crohn disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

HTN

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

3 syphili (syphilitic aoritis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacterial associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adult and elderly)

A

S. pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Grup B strptococcus/ E. coli (newborn) S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-soulier syndrome (defect in platelt adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis> astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)> meningioma> schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain Tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Breast Mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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19
Q

Cardiac 1 tumor (kids

A

Rhadomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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20
Q

cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

libman-sack endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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21
Q

cardiac tumor (adult)

A

Metastasis, 1 myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve)

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22
Q

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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23
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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24
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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25
Q

compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type 2: elderly man or woman)

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26
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21 hydroxylase deficiency

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27
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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28
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin johnson syndrome (inablility of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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29
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)

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30
Q

coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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31
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/ hypothyroidism

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32
Q

Cushing syndrome

A 
Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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33
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tretralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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34
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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35
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

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36
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

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37
Q

Dementia

A

Alzeheimer disease, multiple infarcts

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38
Q

demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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39
Q

DIC

A

severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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40
Q

Dietary deficit

A

iron

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41
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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42
Q

Ejection Click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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43
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

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44
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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45
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adult)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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46
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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47
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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48
Q

heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (Rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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49
Q

helminth infections (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

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50
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (rauma; lentiform shaped)

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51
Q

hemochormoatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and Increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

52
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver(associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

53
Q

hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

54
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilber syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

55
Q

HLA B-27

A

Ankylosing spodnylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative coiitis,, psoriatic arthritis

56
Q

HLA DR3 or DR4

A

DM type 1, RA, SLE

57
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, trisuspid regurgitationn, mitral regurgitation

58
Q

Hypercoagulabillity, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis)

59
Q

HTN, secondary

A

Renal disease

60
Q

HPT

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

61
Q

hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

62
Q

infections 2 to blood transfusion

A

Hep C

63
Q

infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)

64
Q

intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

65
Q

Kidney stones

A

Ca = radiopaque
struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms such as Prteus vulgaris or staph)
Uric acid = radiolucent

66
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrecteed L to R becomes R to L)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

67
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

68
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

69
Q

male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

70
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

71
Q

Malignancy (kids

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

72
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

73
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI

74
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

75
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

76
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

77
Q

MIxed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

78
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

79
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

80
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

81
Q

neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

82
Q

nosocominal pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, seudomonas aeruginosa

83
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

84
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDs

A

Pneumocystis jirvecii pneumonia

85
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

86
Q

osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

87
Q

ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

krunkenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet0-ring cells)

88
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilatera)

A

serous cystadenoma

89
Q

ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

90
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

91
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

92
Q

patient with ALL/Cll/AML/CML

A

All: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML : aulot ~65, CML : adult 30-60

93
Q

Pelvic inflammartory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae

94
Q

philadelphia chromonsome t (9;22) (bcr-able)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

95
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatoropic “acidophilic” adenoma

96
Q

1 amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45, XO)

97
Q

1 bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

98
Q

1 hyperparathyroidisim

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

99
Q

1 liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency)

100
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

101
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

102
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndrome (EPO. renin, PTH, ACTH)

103
Q

Right Heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

104
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increase filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF))

105
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

stiff hypertropic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restricitve cardiomyopathy)

106
Q

2 hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

107
Q

Sexaul transmitted disease

A

chlamydida (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

108
Q

SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

109
Q

site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

110
Q

sites of atherosclerois

A

abdominal aorta > coronary artery ? popliteal artery > carotid artery

111
Q

Stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

112
Q

stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zolinger-Ellison syndrom (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

113
Q

t (14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

114
Q

t (8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)

115
Q

t (9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

116
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

117
Q

testicular tumor

A

seminoma (malignant, radiosensitve)

118
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

119
Q

Tumor in Women

A

leiomyoma (estogen dependent, not precancerous)

120
Q

tumor of infancy

A

hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

121
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

122
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

123
Q

type of hodgkin

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

124
Q

type of non-hodgkin

A

diffuse large cell

125
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staph. saprophyticus (young women)

126
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lob

A

HSV-1

127
Q

Vitamine dficiency

A

Folate (pregnant women are a high risk; body stores only 3-4 months supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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