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The American Dream > Kennedy Complete > Flashcards

Kennedy Complete Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two candidates running in the 1960 presidential election.

A

Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy

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2
Q

Why did Nixon appear exhausted in the televised debate?

A

He travelled to all 50 US states in his election campaign and refused make up

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3
Q

How did Eisenhower damage Nixon’s campaign?

A

He defended his own record instead of supporting Nixon

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4
Q

What were Kennedy’s strengths as a candidate in the 1960 election?

A

He was young, charming and charismatic

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5
Q

By what % of votes did Kennedy win the 1960 election?

A

0.17%

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6
Q

What name was given to Kennedy’s policies that challenged the American people?

A

The New Frontier

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7
Q

What three key things did Kennedy challenge Americans to deal with?

A
  • ‘poverty and surplus’
  • ‘ignorance and prejudice’
  • ‘science and space’
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8
Q

How did Kennedy’ policies target poor voters and Democrats?

A

They showed a commitment to liberalism

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9
Q

What name was given to Kennedy’s team of advisers?

A

The Best and Brightest

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10
Q

Who was Kennedy’s speech writer?

A

Theodore Sorensen

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11
Q

Who was Kennedy’s Secretary of Defence?

A

Robert McNamara

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12
Q

Who was Kennedy’s Vice President and why was he picked?

A

Lyndon B Johnson - to win southern votes

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13
Q

Who was Kennedy’s Secretary of State?

A

Dean Rusk

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13
Q

How many people remained unemployed during Kennedy’s presidency?

A

5 millino

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14
Q

Why is Kennedy’s legislative record considered unimpressive by historians?

A

Congress rejected his major policies

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14
Q

What did Kennedy increase the minimum wage to?

A

$1.25 per hour

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15
Q

Which act created 26,000 jobs?

A

The Area Redevelopment Act

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16
Q

What key issue did Khrushchev and Kennedy disagree about in Vienna in 1961?

A

The Brain Drain in Germany

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16
Q

What did Khrushchev hope to achieve with the USA?

A

Peaceful Co-Existence

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17
Q

What expanded under Kennedy?

A

Interstate highways supporting construction industry

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17
Q

Who did Kennedy’s Social Security Amendments help?

A

Elderly and disabled

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18
Q

What was impact of Kennedy’s food stamp program?

A

240,000 people were fed

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19
Q

Who was the leader of the USSR during Kennedy’s presidency?

A

Nikita Khrushchev

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19
Q

What does Peaceful Co-existence mean?

A

the idea that the USSR and USA could exist peacefully alongside each other

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20
Q

In what month was the Berlin Wall built, dividing East and West Berlin?

A

August 1961

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21
Q

What fanous speech did Kennedy give in Berlin in June 1963?

A

Ich bin ein Berliner

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21
Q

Which Eisenhoer plan did Kennedy approve against Castro?

A

Operation Zapata - a joint CIA and Cuban Exile invasion of Cuba

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22
Q

What was the message of Kennedy’s famous speech in Berlin?

A

That all Berliners were part of the West

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23
Q

Which key Truman and Eisenhower policy did Kennedy continue?

A

Containment

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24
Q

Which policy, similar to Truman, did Kennedy have regarding the armed forces?

A

He increased the size of US forces

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25
Q

Which policy, similar to Eisenhower, did Kennedy have regarding weapons?

A

He continued to expand America’s nuclear arsenal

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25
Q

Which group of countries did Kennedy give economic aid and send the Peace Corps to?

A

Third World countries

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25
Q

What did Castro do to Americans in Cuba?

A

He exiled them

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26
Q

What happened to the pro-American General Batista in Cuba in January 1961?

A

He was overthrown by Fidel Castro

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27
Q

Where did the attempted invasion land in Cuba in 1961?

A

The Bay of Pigs

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28
Q

What happened to the attempted invasion of Cuba?

A

It failed within two days and all were killed or imprisoned

29
Q

What did Castro declare in the aftermath of the failed invasion of Cuba?

A

That Cuba was Communist and working with Khrushchev

30
Q

What began in Cuba in August 1962?

A

The installation of nuclear missiles

30
Q

How and when did Kennedy find out about missiles on Cuba?

A

U2 spy plane photographs on 14th October 1962

30
Q

What did Khrushchev think about Kennedy after their meeting in Vienna in 1961?

A

That he was weak and a coward

31
Q

What did Kennedy set up to advise him during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

Ex-Comm

32
Q

How did Kennedy attempt to stop further missile equipment getting to Cuba?

A

A naval blockade

32
Q

What was the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

Missiles were removed from Cuba and Kennedy secretly removed US missiles from Turkey

33
Q

How were Kennedy and Khrushchev’s reputations affected by the CMC?

A

Kennedy was seen as a hero, Khrushchev was humiliated and lost power in the USSR by 1964

33
Q

Where did Martin Luther King protest in April 1963 leading to riots?

A

Birmingham

34
Q

What happened to the number of advusers in Vietnam by 1963?

A

Increased to 17,000

34
Q

What policy of moving villagers away from Communism did Kennedy approve in Vietnam?

A

Strategic Hamlets

34
Q

Who was the President of South Vietnam that Kennedy supported?

A

Ngo Dinh Diem

34
Q

What did Kennedy approve against Diem in November 1963?

A

A coup against Diem and his assassination

35
Q

Despite wanting to help Vietnam, what was Kennedy reluctant to do?

A

Send US ground troops

35
Q

Which two forms of protest tested Supreme Court rulings against segregation under Kennedy?

A

Sit ins and Freedom Rides

35
Q

What key civil rights event took place in August 1963?

A

King’s ‘I have a dream’ speech in Washington

35
Q

What impact did increased violence in the South by white racists have?

A

Bobby Kennedy attempted to enforce Supreme Court rulings for desegregation

35
Q

What happened to Malcolm X in the 50s and 60s?

A

He became a famous speaker

36
Q

Which civil rights organisation was Malcolm X the leader of?

A

The Nation Of Islam

36
Q

Where did racial tension increase particularly under Kennedy?

A

Northern ghettos such as Harlem (New York) and Watts (Los Angeles)

36
Q

How did many southern whites oppose the civil rights movement?

A

Joined the KKK and attacked supporters of desegregation

36
Q

Which two southern law enforcement officials used violence against protests?

A

Bull Connor in Birmingham and Jim Clark in Selma

36
Q

Which Democrat won the 1962 Alabama election with an extreme racost campaign?

A

George Wallace

37
Q

What did some Northern Americans think about desegregation?

A

It should be slow and not enforced by government

38
Q

What did JFK do in response to opposition to civil rights?

A

He used executive powers

39
Q

How did JFK attempt to ensure equality in federal organisations?

A

Appointed large number of black workers and 5 judges

40
Q

What organisation was set up to create equal job opportunities?

A

The EEOC

41
Q

Why was America the most powerful nation in the worl by 1963?

A

They had more weapons than the USSR and had military bases in allied nations

41
Q

What did JFK do in response to violations of black voting rights in the South?

A

He took 57 cases to court

42
Q

In which events was Kennedy forced to act?

A

Freedom Rides and Mississippi University

42
Q

After witnessing which key civil rights event did Kennedy work harder on civil rights issues?

A

Birmingham riots

43
Q

Which two global organisations supported America’s foreign policy?

A

NATO and SEATO

43
Q

What was signed between Kennedy and Khrushchev that limited the nuclear arms race?

A

The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

44
Q

People from which organisation were sent to 44 Third World Nations under Kennedy?

A

Peace Corps

45
Q

Which low paid professions did most black southerners do?

A

Sharecroppers or domestics

45
Q

What did Kennedy ask Congress to finance in may 1961?

A

US moon landing effort

45
Q

In what years of Kennedy’s presidency did America see slowdowns in economic growth?

A

1961 and 1962

45
Q

What happened to America’s GNP and people’s personal income under Kennedy?

A

GNP rose by 20% and personal income increased by 15%

46
Q

What two issues concerned US voters by the end of Kennedy’s presidency?

A

1.2% inflation and 5-7% unemployment

47
Q

Where did many northern black Americans live?

A

In ghettos

48
Q

What were Congress reluctant to do that would have helped those in poor housing?

A

Fund Kennedy’s promise to build more houses

49
Q

Which movement grew in the early 60s as a result of persistent inequality?

A

Women’s liberation movement

50
Q

What were the main professions of women after WW2?

A

Cleaning, waitressing, teaching, nursing

51
Q

What did 18 states do that showed women’s inequality?

A

Refused to have women jurors

52
Q

In six states, what did women need, to be able to sign a financial document?

A

A man present

53
Q

Which group of women started to campaign more for equal pay and employment?

A

Middle class women

54
Q

Which best selling book encouraged women not just to be housewives, when was it published?

A

The Feminine Mystique 1963

55
Q

Who wrote the Feminine Mystique?

A

Betty Friedan

56
Q

What were the key issues that groups started to protest about under Kennedy?

A

Vietnam, the Civil Rights Movement, and American Consumerism

57
Q

What was student acitivism in the 60s inspired by?

A
  • the counter-cultural beat generatino
  • Kennedy’s rhetoric
  • Civil rights movemement
  • Disenchantment from American conformism
  • Vietnam wwar
58
Q

What was established in 1960 at the University of Michigan?

A

the SDS

59
Q

When was the Port Huron statement published and what did it call for?

A

1962 - called for students to shake off America’s ‘national apathy’ and improve American society

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