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the american dream > Eisenhower complete > Flashcards

Eisenhower complete Flashcards

1
Q

What was Eisenhower’s nickname

A

Ike

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2
Q

What did Truman try to persuade Eisenhower to do in ‘47 and ‘51?

A

Run for the Democrats

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3
Q

In what year was Eisenhower elected the first Republican President in 20 years?

A

1952

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4
Q

Name two key features of Eisenhower’s election campaign

A
  • Criticising Truman
  • Promising to end the Korean War
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5
Q

Who controlled Congress after the 1952 election?

A

The Democrats

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6
Q

What were Eisenhower’s domestic policies known as?

A

Dynamic Conservatism

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7
Q

What other well-known set of domestic policies were Eisenhower’s like?

A

The New Deal of the 30s

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8
Q

What did Eisenhower do in ‘57, ‘59 and ‘60?

A

Balanced the budget

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9
Q

Who did Eisenhower give more power to?

A

States and local governments

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10
Q

What new Department did Eisenhower set up that aimed to help American people?

A

a new Department of Health, Education and Welfare

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11
Q

Give two examples of successful domestic policies under Eisenhower.

A

Expanded social security to cover 10 million more Americans
Increasing minimum wage to $1 per hour
$500million for low-income public housing

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12
Q

Who was chosen to be Eisenhower’s running mate and vice-president?

A

Richard Nixon

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13
Q

Why was Eisenhower said to have been ‘balancing the ticket’ when he chose Nixon as Vice President?

A

Nixon was a talented political operator and could balance Eisenhower’s lack of experience

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14
Q

Who did Nixon have a tense relationship with? Why was this the case?

A

With the media because they suspected corruption

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14
Q

What nickname was given to Nixon from the media?

A

Tricky Dicky

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14
Q

When Eisenhower was unavailable, what did Nixon do?

A

He chaired the cabinet and National Security Council and stood in as President

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15
Q

Give an example of Eisenhower being unavailable.

A

When he was recovering from a heart attack in 1955

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16
Q

The increased demand for housing created by the Baby-boom in the 50s led to the building of which famous suburban developments?

A

Levittowns

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16
Q

What percentage of Americans supported McCarthyism at the start of Eisenhower’s presidency?

A

50%

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16
Q

Why was Eisenhower protected from McCarthy’s accusations?

A

He was a war hero

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16
Q

How did Eisenhower and the American people react to McCarthy’s accusations in 1954?

A

They were outraged ( These hearings were the first that got televised so Americans could see the Bullyish alcholic figure that was McCarthy instead of a newspaper article

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17
Q

Who did McCarthy accuse of having communist influences in 1954?

A

The US army

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18
Q

By 1954 what had the Senate voted to do to McCarthy that removed his influence? What happened to McCarthy in 1957?

A

They voted to censure him.
He died of alcoholism by 1957

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18
Q

What happened to the American economy in the 1950s?

A

the US economy grew dramatically

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19
Q

What were four key causes of the growth in the economy under Eisenhower?

A
  • Damage to Germany in WW2
  • Cheap oil aiding industry and transport
  • Developments in technology
  • The post-war baby boom increased housing demand
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19
Q

What other industries were stimulated by increased car sales?

A

Motels, fast-food outlets and shopping malls

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19
Q

Which new devices became popular in the 50s?

A

Washing machines and dish washers

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20
Q

What three criticisms did the 50s consumer society receive?

A
  • It undermined US value of hard work (Reisman)
  • Led to conformity (Mumford)
  • Led to selfishness (Galbraith)
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20
Q

What happened to America’s GNP (Gross National Product) under Eisenhower?

A

It rose by 25%

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21
Q

How many cars were made in 1955?

A

7.9 million

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21
Q

What were America’s ‘Big Three’ car companies that all grew in the 50s?

A

General Motors, Ford and Chrysler

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21
Q

What kind of society was created as a result of economic developments in the 50s?

A

Consumer society

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22
Q

Define consumer society

A

A society where buying and selling goods, especially luxury goods, seems to dominate

23
Q

What % of homes had a TV by 1960?

A

90%

23
Q

What was Eisenhowers’ defence policy known as?

A

New Look

24
Q

What policy did Eisenhower propose that was rejected by the USSR?

A

Open Skies - allowing each other to openly spy on one another to monitor military bases. (Eisenhower knew it would be rejected but wanted to look like the peacemaker)

24
Q

What were many TV shows of the 50s criticised for? Give an example

A

Encouraging white class conformity (Father knows best) and endless adverts (I Remember Mama)

25
Q

What did Eisenhower aim to do regarding spending on defence?

A

Reduce it, he feared overpsending would damage the dollar

26
Q

Who became the leader of the USSR after the death of Stalin in 1953?

A

Khrushchev

26
Q

What did Eisenhower’s defence policy rely on?

A

Nuclear weapons rather than soldiers

26
Q

What did Eisenhower and Khrushchev agree on?

A

They both wanted to avoid war

27
Q

What did the number of American nuclear weapons rise from and to under Eisenhower?

A

Rose from 1500 to 6000 under Eisenhower

28
Q

After the USSR launched the Sputnik Satellite in 1957, what program did Eisenhower refuse to launch?

A

Nuclear shelter programme - Government funded nuclear shelters for the people of America in case of a nuclear attack

29
Q

What governments did Eisenhower overthrow using the CIA?

A

Iran (overthrowing Mossadeq and placing an American-loyal Shah in power) in 1953
Guatemala (overthrowing Arbenz and his reforming policies) in 1954

30
Q

What organisation did Eisenhower use to secretly implement his foreign policy?

A

CIA

31
Q

Who did Eisenhower unsuccessfully support in Vietnam against Ho Chi Minh’s communist army?

A

France - he realised they would lose to Ho Chi Minh and stopped aid in 1954

31
Q

What did was set up in 1958 to lead America’s space effort?

A

NASA

31
Q

What did Krushchev demand as a result?

A

He demanded that Western troops leave West Berlin. (Berlin Ultimatum)

31
Q

How did Eisenhower go against his election promise to ‘roll back communism’ in ’56?

A

He refused to send aid to Hungarian rebels against Communist rule

31
Q

Why did tensions grow further between the USSR and USA under Eisenhower?

A

Eisenhower sent U2 spy planes to photograph enemy military bases

32
Q

What did Krushchev complain was happening between East and West Germany in ’58?

A

A brain drain from East to West Germany.
Brain Drain = emigration of highly trained or qualified people from one country to another

32
Q

How did Eisenhower strengthen NATO and Western Europe in 1954?

A

By allowing German rearmament

32
Q

What military alliance was set up in South East Asia in 1954?

A

SEATO - South East Asia Treaty Organisation

33
Q

What belief did Eisenhower have about the spread of Communism?

A

Domino Theory - Eisenhower’s theory that if one country fell to Communism, many others would follow

33
Q

By 1961 Eisenhower had built up the anti-Communist state of South Vietnam. Who was it led by?

A

Ngo Dinh Diem

34
Q

How were ensions about Berlin eased between Eisenhower and Khrushchev?

A

They met for negotiations in 1959

35
Q

After the French lost, which conference was held to decide the future of Vietnam?

A

the Geneva Conference, 1955, it decided that Vietnam should be split at the 17th parallel

36
Q

How did Eisenhower support the state of South Vietnam?

A

Giving them $7billion in aid, 1000 advisors

36
Q

What crisis took place in Egypt in 1956?

A

Suez Crisis - The crisis created when Britain, France and Israel responded with military action to the seizing of the Suez Canal by the Colonel Nasser of Egypt

37
Q

How did Eisenhower respond to the Suez Crisis winning him global praise?

A

Eisenhower spoke out against the British, French and Israeli military action

37
Q

Who replaced the Prime Minister in Iran and why was this good for America?

A

The Emperor Shah replaced Mossadeq and he favoured US oil companies

38
Q

In 1953, in which country did Eisenhower use the CIA to encourage a military coup?

A

Iran

38
Q

What type of countries did the USA and USSR attempt to influence in the Middle East?

A

Third world countries

39
Q

What success did the NAACP have following the arrest of Rosa Parks?

A

They won a Court cases of Browder vs Gayle in 1956 which desegregated buses

39
Q

What 1956 event is seen by many as the start of the Civil Rights Movement?

A

Thee Motgomery Bus Boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man

40
Q

Who were the sit-ins in 1960 organised by?

A

SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)
and 70,000 students themselves

41
Q

What was the outcome of the sit-ins?

A

Led to desegregated lunch counters in North Carolina

42
Q

What form of protest did black activists begin to favour over legal action?

A

Non violent action

42
Q

Name the Supreme Court’s most significant ruling on race under Eisenhower, what did it declare?

A

1956 Brown v Board of Education which declared segregated schools were unequal and unconstitutional

42
Q

What did both the Democrat and Republican party platforms both do in 1952?

A

Declared commitment to racial equality and Civil Rights

43
Q

How did Eisenhower respond at Little Rock?

A

He sent federal forces to Little Rock and federalised the National Guard

43
Q

What two key groups were the Republican party divided by regarding race? Name examples of each

A

Liberals on race (eg Nixon and Earl Warren) and conservatives (eg Eisenhower) meant they did not fully support equality

43
Q

Why did Brown v Board inspire further activism?

A

All support for segregation in the US constitution was removed

43
Q

Why was Brown v. Board not a total success?

A

the Supreme Court set no date for desgregation only requiring ‘all deliberate speed’

44
Q

How did Eisenhower initially respond to the Brown v. Board ruling?

A

He initially disapproved of the ruling and ignored states that did not desegregate

44
Q

Which group gained in popularity directly after Brown v. Board?

A

The KKK

45
Q

What did the Governor of Arkansas do in 1957 that went against Brown v. Board?

A

Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus used the Natinoal Guard to ensure 9 black students could not attened Little Rock High School

45
Q

What did Eisenhower encourage Congress to do in 1957 and 1960?

A

Sign two Civil Rights Acts showing that Congress was taking responsibility for Federal Civil Rights laws

46
Q

How did Eisenhower try to end racial discrimination among federal employees?

A

the Committee on Government Contracts - A committee set up as a part of Eisenhower’s executive order 10479 to ensure that Federal organisations were complying with the equal opportunity in employment program

47
Q

Give two reasons why Eisenhower approached desegregation with caution?

A
  • He was sympathetic to states rights
  • Feared rushing desegregation would cause social tension
48
Q

How did Eisenhower respond to the murder of Emmett Till and the exclusion of Catherine Lucy from university?

A

He made no comment

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