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Bio S2 > Keeping The Body Working > Flashcards

Keeping The Body Working Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Fibre, Water, Minerals

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2
Q

What is the meaning of a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet contains the correct amounts of each of the 7 nutrients

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3
Q

What is the structure of a starch molecule?

A

A chain of glucose molecules that are chemically bonded together

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4
Q

What is the structure of sugars?

A

Many glucose molecules

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5
Q

What is the structure of a fat molecule?

A

One glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids

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6
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Different types of amino acids that are chemically bonded together.

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7
Q

What is the energy that starch gives?

A

Slow releasing energy

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8
Q

What is the energy that sugars give

A

Fast releasing energy

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9
Q

What is the use of fats?

A

Insulation

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10
Q

What is the use of proteins?

A

Growth and repair

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11
Q

What do carbohydrates supply us with?

A

Energy

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12
Q

What is fibre?

A

A carbohydrate that can’t be digested

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13
Q

What does fibre help us with?

A

It helps our digestive system by adding bulk to our food and aiding its movement along our digestive tract

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14
Q

What kind of energy do fats provide us with?

A

Energy that can be stored

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15
Q

What do vitamins and minerals help us with?

A

Prevents certain diseases

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16
Q

State the four types of teeth.

A

Incisors, canines, pre-molars and molars.

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17
Q

What is water needed for?

A

Water is needed for chemical reactions and helps us to transport materials around our body

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18
Q

When does malnutrition occur?

A

When your diet doesn’t contain enough of a nutrient of too much of a nutrient

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19
Q

What are deficiency diseases caused by?

A

Diseases that are caused by a lack of a certain essential nutrient, especially vitamins and minerals

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20
Q

What do humans use their teeth for?

A

Humans use their teeth to bite and chew food, mechanically breaking the large pieces down into smaller ones.

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21
Q

What is the function of the incisors?

A

Slicing and cutting.

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22
Q

What is the function of the canines?

A

Ripping and tearing.

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23
Q

What is the function of the pre-molars and the molars?

A

Crushing and grinding.

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24
Q

What is the process of digestion?

A

Digestion is the process by which large insoluble molecules are chemically broken down into small soluble molecules that can absorbed into the bloodstream through the wall of the small intestine for energy to be transported to all cells

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25
Q

What is Kwashiorkor caused by a lack of and what are its symptoms?

A
  • Caused by a lack of proteins, vitamins & minerals.
  • Symptoms are swelling and loss of muscle mass.
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26
Q

What is the alimentary canal and what is it made up of?

A

The alimentary canal is a long muscular tube running from the mouth to the anus and the associated organs; the salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.

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27
Q

What is scurvy caused by a lack of and what are its symptoms?

A
  • Caused by a lack of vitamin C
  • Symptoms are severe joint or leg pain and swollen bleeding gums
28
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

The stomach has layers of muscle that contract and relax, which cause it to churn the food. This mixes the food with many digestive juices.

29
Q

What is rickets caused by a lack of and what are its symptoms?

A

Caused by a lack of Vitamin D and Calcium
Symptoms are soft, deformed bones

30
Q

What is eye disorders caused by a lack of and what are its symptoms?

A

Caused by a lack of Vitamin A
Symptoms are red eyes and night blindness

31
Q

What is anaemia caused by a lack of and what are its symptoms?

A

Caused by a lack of Iron
Symptoms are paleness and tiredness

32
Q

What’s the function of the small intestine?

A
  • The small intestine is very large and its inner wall is highly folded presenting a large surface area for absorption.
  • The small intestine also has many blood vessels into which the products of digestion pass so that they can be taken around the body to all cells. These are called ‘villi’ which are located in the inside wall of the small intestine.
33
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

If starch is present the iodine solution will turn from red/brown to blue/black

34
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution will turn from blue to red when heated if reducing sugar(s) are present.

35
Q

What are the tests for fats?

A

If fat is present, the ethanol + water mixture turns from colourless to cloudy when shaken.

Filter paper becomes translucent (the other test)

36
Q

What is the test for protein?

A

Biuret’s solution turns from blue to violet if protein in present.

37
Q

What is in the alimentary canal in order?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

38
Q

What does specific mean in terms of enzymes?

A

Each enzyme will only fit with one substrate

39
Q

Define the word, ‘enzyme’.

A

Biological catalyst made of proteins

40
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A
  • The pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes.
  • The pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones which help to regulate blood sugar levels.
41
Q

What is a product?

A

The substance produced at the end of the reaction

42
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance that the active site reacts with.

43
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A
  • The liver plays an important role in digestion and in the processing of food molecules that have been absorbed.
  • The liver produces bile.
44
Q

What is the active site?

A

The place on the enzyme that the substrate fits into and where the chemical reaction takes place

45
Q

Why are enzymes specific?

A

Enzymes are specific because the active site will only fit with one type of substrate. The enzyme is complementary to the shape of that substrate.

46
Q

What does amylase break down and what is the product?

A

Amylase breaks down starch into maltose molecules

47
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A
  • The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver.
  • The gall bladder produces a substance that neutralises stomach acid.
48
Q

What are proteins broken down by and what are the products?

A

Proteins are broken down by Protease to produce amino acids

49
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile breaks down large fat droplets into tiny droplets that are easier to digest.

50
Q

What are fats broken down by and what are the products?

A

Fats are broken down by lipase to produce fatty acids and glycerol molecules

51
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

It is produced in the pancreas and salivary glands

52
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine absorbs water from the remaining undigested food material. This unwanted waste material is called ‘faeces’.

53
Q

Why should samples of food be tested?

A

To see which different nutrients are in the food

54
Q

How do you test a solid food?

A

It must be ground up in water and then filtered to make a mixture.

55
Q

What are complex carbohydrates made up of?

A

Small units called sugar molecules

56
Q

Why are enzymes of vital importance to living creatures?

A

Enzymes speed up all the chemical reactions of all living creatures.

57
Q

What are all reactions controlled by?

A

Enzymes

58
Q

What must happen to large insoluble molecules in order for it to pass into the bloodstream?

A

It must be broken down into small soluble molecules.

59
Q

What food has carbohydrates?

A

Pasta, rice, bread

60
Q

What food is rich in fat?

A

Butter, fatty cuts of meat, cream, dairy products

61
Q

What food has protein?

A

Chicken, beef, lamb, veal

62
Q

What food is rich in water?

A

Watercress, cucumbers, watermelon, broccoli

63
Q

What foods have fibre?

A

Beans, apples

64
Q

What food has vitamins?

A

Citrus fruits, potatoes

65
Q

What food has minerals?

A

Nuts and seeds

Bio S2 (4 decks)

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