Healthy Heart And Lungs Flashcards
What is blood composed of?
Different types of cells floating in a liquid called plasma
What types of cells does blood contain?
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
What is the function of the red blood cells?
Transports oxygen to all cells in the body which need it and contain the red pigment haemoglobin
What are white blood cells a part of?
The immune system
What does the coronary artery supply and where does it’s supply go to?
It supplies the muscular wall with oxygenated blood and glucose.
What is the function of white blood cells?
Protects the body by destroying bacteria and other foreign particles (eg: viruses)
What is blood pressure?
When the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries under pressure.
What are the two types of white blood cells?
Phagocytes and Lymphocytes
What is the function of phagocytes?
Carries out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria
How can blood pressure be measured?
A stethoscope
A mercury manometer
A digital sphygmomanometer
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Produces specific antibodies which destroy viruses and other foreign particles
What is systolic pressure and what is the average reading?
When the heart beats and pumps blood into the arteries. The average reading is 120 mmHg.
What is a characteristic of antibodies?
They have specific binding sites to only one type of foreign particle.
How do vaccines work?
Vaccines allow a dead or altered form of the foreign particle to be introduced into the body so the immune system recognises it on exposure.
What is the function of platelets?
They help the blood to clot and reduce bleeding
What is the function of the heart?
The heart pumps blood around the body
What is the heart made of?
Cardiac muscle that pumps consistently
How is the heart split up?
The heart has four different chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
What can pulse indicate?
Pulse can be a health indicator.
What is diastolic pressure and what is the average reading?
Diastolic pressure occurs between beats when the heart relaxes and fills with blood giving an average reading of 80 mmHg.
What does resting heart rate depend on?
Fitter people have lower resting heart rates
What’s the average blood pressure of an adult?
120/80 mmHg.
What blood pressure is considered high blood pressure?
160/90 mmHg.
What are the disadvantages to a very high pulse rate?
It is very unhealthy and can lead to heart disease or stroke
What is high blood pressure caused by?
Being overweight
Lack of exercise
Incorrect diet (fat, salt)
Drinking alcohol excessively
Stress
What can be used as a low tech method of measuring pulse rate?
Stop watch, fingertips or a stethoscope
What can high blood pressure cause?
Heart attack
Stroke
What is the function of arteries?
They carry blood away from the heart
What can low blood pressure cause?
Fainting
Heart failure.
What is the function of veins?
They carry blood back to the heart
Why do lungs inflate and deflate?
They inflate to take air into the body
They deflate to remove air from body
What do veins contain and what is that thing’s function?
They contain valves which prevent the backflow of blood
State the function of the windpipe.
Allows air to flow from the mouth or nose towards the lungs.
What are capillaries?
They are small vessels which form a network between arteries and veins.
What is the bronchi?
They are the two branches which join the windpipe to the lungs.
What is oxygenated blood rich in?
Oxygen
What is deoxygenated blood rich in?
Carbon Dioxide
What are the bronchioles?
They are branches/air passages from the bronchi which lead to the air sacs.
What are the 4 main blood vessels that lead to and from the heart?
Aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and vena cava
What do air sacs allow?
They allow oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide to pass from the blood to the lungs.
What does the aorta carry?
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
What does the vena cava carry?
It returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
What do ribs help with?
The shield/protect the lungs from damage.
What does the pulmonary artery carry?
Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
What does the pulmonary vein carry?
It returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Which muscular wall of the the heart is thicker and why?
The left hand side of the heart is thicker than the right because it has to pump blood all around the body whereas the right hand side only has to pump blood as far as the lungs
State the features of an air sac.
- Large surface area: there are many tiny air sacs surrounded by a dense capillary network to absorb a lot of oxygen.
- Thin walled: the air sac and capillary are one cell thick to allow oxygen to diffuse into blood easily,
- Air sacs have a moist surface to allow the faster diffusion of gases across their walls.
How does oxygenated blood flow in the heart?
Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → To body
What is breathing rate?
The number of breaths you take in one minute.
How does deoxygenated blood flow in the heart?
Vena cava → Right atrium → right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → To lungs
What is pulse rate?
The number of times your heart beats in a minute.
What does breathing rate alter with?
Your level of activity.
What is the average pulse rate for men?
74 bpm
What are the factors that make breathing rate different?
Age - higher in young people who are more active
Sex - slightly lower on average in women
Fitness & state of health - lower in fitter, healthier people.
What is the average pulse rate for women?
84 bpm
What are the high tech methods of measuring pulse rate?
Pulsometer, or a heart rate monitor linked to a computer.
What does exercise result in?
Faster, deeper breathing to get more oxygen to muscles and get rid of waste carbon dioxide.
What is recovery time?
The time required after exercise for rate and depth of breathing to return to normal.
What does a short recovery time indicate?
Indicates good cardiovascular fitness.
What does exercise cause your body to do?
Exercising muscles require more oxygen
Therefore, the heart has to pump more blood to transport the oxygen
Exercising causes your heart rate and breathing rate to increase
What is the blood flow through a capillary network?
Artery → Capillary network → Vein
Oxygenated blood → Capillary network → Deoxygenated blood
How can the efficiency of lungs be measured?
Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Peak flow
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath
What would happen if the coronary arteries are blocked?
The heart will not be supplied with glucose and oxygen which will cause the patient to have a heart attack.
What does tidal volume depend upon?
Body size
Age
Sex
Level of fitness
What is vital capacity?
A measure of the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe in and out after having taken as deep a breath in as possible.
What does vital capacity vary upon?
Body size - the larger a person’s build, the greater the vital capacity.
Age - reaches a maximum at age 20
Sex - women have smaller vital capacities than men
Level of fitness - increases with level of fitness.
What is peak flow what is the measuring tool?
The maximum rate that you can blow air out of your lungs after taking as deep a breath in as possible.
It’s measured using a peak flow meter.
What is asthma?
Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the air passages (bronchioles) become narrower, making breathing difficult, causing wheezing.
What can an asthmatic not do as well as a non sufferer of asthma?
An asthmatic cannot force air out of their lungs as as quickly as a non-sufferer.
What can asthma be triggered by?
Asthma can be caused by an allergic reaction to dust mites, pollen, animal fur, wheat, peanuts and also nervous tension.
How can asthma be treated?
Asthma can be treated using inhalers that relaxes the muscles in the airways to open the tubes wider, or by avoiding things that cause an allergy.
What is the flow of air in the lungs in order?
Mouth → Trachea → Bronchus → Bronchioles → Air Sac → Blood
