Keeping Healthy ~ B1.1

Question 1

What is a healthy diet?

Answer 1

A healthy diet contains the correct balence of the different food that our body needs.

Question 2

What are the food groups?

Answer 2

Fats, proteins, carbohydrates, fibres, minerals, vitamins, water.

Question 3

What is it called when your diet isn’t balanced?

Answer 3

Malnourished.

Question 4

What can a poor diet lead to?

Answer 4

~ A person being too fat (overweight) or too thin (underweight)
~ difficiency diseases such as type 2 diabetes

Question 5

What does exercise do?

Answer 5

Exercise increases the amount of energy expended by the body.

Question 6

How can you lose more mass?

Answer 6

A person will lose mass if the energy content of food taken in is less than the amount of energy expended by the body.

Question 7

What is a metabolic rate?

Answer 7

The rate at which chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out.

Question 8

What causes the rate to vary?

Answer 8

~ the amount of activity you do ~ your metabolic rate increases with the amount of exercise you do and it stays high for some time after you have finished exercising.
~ the proportion of fat to muscle in your body.

Question 9

What should we do to maintain a healthy lifestyle?

Answer 9

~eat less animal products
~eat more fruit and vegetables and wholemeal foods
~eat less salts
~exercise regularly

Question 10

What will maintaining a healthy lifestyle reduce the risk of?

Answer 10

~heart disease and high blood pressure
~ stroke
~type 2 diabetes
~ osteoarthritis

Question 11

Benefits of low carb diets?

Answer 11

~ low carb diets can help you lose weight very quickly in a short amount of time.
~ low carb diets can seem like an easy way to lose weight.
~ you can still eat many of the foods that would have been cut out of a conventional diet e.g. Sausages

Question 12

Problems of a low carb diets?

Answer 12

~ such a drastic change in diet can have negative effect on the body.
~ exercise is not encouraged by the slimming program, but it is required for a person to be healthy ~ especially when consuming this much fat.
~long term high intake of protein puts a strain on the kidneys
~lack of energy

Question 13

What is a microorganism which causes infectious diseases called?

Answer 13

A pathogen.

Question 14

What are the types of pathogens?

Answer 14

Bacteria and viruses.

Question 15

What are the features of bacteria?

Answer 15

~Very small
~Reproduce very quickly
~Can produce toxins (poisons) that make us feel ill
~ Responsible for illnesses like tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis

Question 16

What are the features of viruses?

Answer 16

~ Even smaller than bacteria
~ Reproduce very quickly once inside living cells, which are then damaged
~ can produce toxins (poisons) which make us feel ill
~ responsible for illnesses such as colds, flu, measles and polio

Question 17

How do white blood cells help fight infections?

Answer 17

~ ingest pathogens
~ producing antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by some pathogens
~ producing antibodies to destroy particular pathogen and. This leads to immunity from that pathogen.

Question 18

What are antibiotics used to kill?

Answer 18

Bacteria inside the body.

Question 19

Why can’t antibiotics be used to kill viruses?

Answer 19

Because they live and reproduce inside cells. It is hard to develop drugs that destroy viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.

Question 20

When does resistance happen?

Answer 20

When the bacteria mutates to produce a new resistant strain. Scientists therefore, continually need to develop new antibiotics.

Question 21

How can you prevent resistance bacteria?

Answer 21

Avoid the overuse of antibiotics.

Question 22

What is injected into the body to acquire immunity?

Answer 22

A dead/inactive pathogen.

Question 23

How does a person acquire immunity through a vaccination?

Answer 23

~a dead or inactive pathogen is injected into the body
~white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen
~the body gains an acquired immunity to that particular pathogen because the white blood cells will recognise ur and will respond to it in the future by quickly producing antibodies quickly.

Question 24

What will happen if a large proportion of the population is immune to a certain pathogen?

Answer 24

The spread of the pathogen is reduced and there is a less likely chance of an epidemic of infections.

Question 25

Microorganism a can be grown in a culture medium containing various nutrients that the particular microorganism may need, what may these include?

Answer 25

~ carbohydrates ~ as an energy source
~ mineral ions
~ vitamins
~ proteins

Question 26

What is a commonly used growth medium?

Answer 26

Agar

Question 27

How to prepare a uncontaminated culture?

Answer 27

Sterilise the Petri dish and culture medium using an auto clave to expose the dishes and the agar to high temperatures and high pressure to kill microorganisms
Sterilise the inoculation loop by heating it in heating it in a red flame in a Bunsen burner before being left to cool for five seconds to kill the bacteria so you can safely transfer microorganisms to the culture medium.
Next you seal the Petri dish with four pieces of tape to prevent microorganisms in the air from entering and so the oxygen supply isn’t cut off.
In schools, cultures should only be incubated at 25 degrees Celsius to prevent the growth of dangerous pathogens.

Question 28

What are the benefits of the MMR vaccination?

Answer 28

~ protects children against three potentially fatal diseases ~ measles, mumps and rubella
~ the widespread use of the vaccine prevents epidemics of any of the diseases
~ the triple vaccine means children only have to have one injection

Question 29

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do to prevent deaths in hospitals?

Answer 29

He told people to wash their hands.

Question 30

What are some of the health and safety regulations that are needed?

Answer 30

~All staff must wash their hands before and after having contact with each patient
~All patients must wash their hands thoroughly
~All surgical instruments must be sterilised before use
~All hospital wards must be cleaned with antibacterial cleaner regularly

Question 31

What are the new problems facing today’s scientists researching the prevention and cure of disease?

Answer 31

~ some strains of bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics as a result of natural selection
~ some viruses mutate rapidly so that existing vaccines are no longer effective