Keeping healthy

Question 1

Describe the components of a balanced diet and say why each is needed

Answer 1

1) Proteins- They build new tissue for growth and repair made from amino acids
2) Carbohydrates- To provide energy
3) Fats- Store energy
4) Water- For Chemical reaction
5) Fibre- Help prevent constipation
6) Vitamins and minerals- Required for general health

Question 2

Describe the effects of an unbalanced diet eating too much or too little

Answer 2

Suffer from malnutrition which can lead to being over weight or under weight

Question 3

Describe how exercise effects health

Answer 3

The more exercise you do the more calories you will burn off which is beneficial for your health as you will lose weight .

Question 4

Explain metabolic rate and the affect exercise has on metabolical rate

Answer 4

The more exercise you do the higher your metabolism will be

Question 5

State how inherited factors may affect metabolical rate and cholesterol

Answer 5

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Question 6

Define a pathogen

Answer 6

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Question 7

Describe how viruses and bacteria make us ill

Answer 7

Bacteria produce toxins which cause damage. Viruses will infect the body cell and then they will start to reproduce and then damage snd destroy the cell

Question 8

State some ways the body protects us from pathogens

Answer 8

1) Produce white blood cells- ingesting the pathogen or produce antibodies or antitoxins

Question 9

Describe 3 ways white blood cells work

Answer 9

1) Ingesting the pathogen- Move towards the bacterium and start to surround it and engulf it then they will release enzymes which will digest the pathogen
2) Produce antibodies- The antibodies will attach to the antigen and destroy the bacterium
3) Produce antitoxins- Antitoxins will neutralise the toxins or deactivate them

Question 10

Describe how an individual may become immune to a pathogen

Answer 10

When having a vaccination because this is when a dead version of the pathogen enters the body and the white blood cell recognises the shape of the antigens so it can produce antibodies which can attack these antigens. Then the white blood cell will have memorised the antibodies to produce incase the real copy enters the body later.

Question 11

Describe how vaccinations can protect individuals and populations

Answer 11

The more people amongst the population are vaccinated the harder it is for a disease to spread.

Question 12

Describe the work of Semmelweis and explain it importance

Answer 12

Semmelweis noticed that there were a number cases of childbed fever which was if there as a midwife delivering a baby there would be a low number of dead pregnant women but if a medical student tried to there would be a high number of cases.

Question 13

State how some different medicines work

Answer 13

For example pain killer relieve the symptoms of the pathogen but don’t have an effect on the bacteria. Antibiotics relieve the symptoms and have a positive effect on the bacteria.

Question 14

Explain why antibiotics don’t work on viral infections, and why treatment is difficult

Answer 14

Bacteria and viruses have different mechanisms and machinery to survive and replicate. The antibiotic has no “target” to attack in a virus. It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.

Question 15

Explain antibiotic resistance

Answer 15

Antibiotic resistance is a mutation where a random spontaneous change happen in the DNA. The bacteria can then reproduce. New antibiotic resistant bacteria are produced by natural selection.

Question 16

Give some of the problems with resistance strains of bacteria or virus.

Answer 16

Over time, bacteria can become resistant to certain antibiotics. This is an example of natural selection, this means that bacteria will be able to reproduce inside cells.

Question 17

Write a method for culturing microorganism psych in sterile conditions (Aseptic technique)

Answer 17

1) Sterilise the agar and the petty dish to prevent contamination
2) Placing the inoculating loop over the bunsen burner to kill bacteria. Wait for it to cool down.
3) Place the loop in microbe x and transfer it into the agar criss crossing the on the agar
4) get the lid of the petri-dish and quickly place it on and seal the container with tape to prevent any contamination.
5) Incubate at 25 degrees at a school however a better temperature at a lab would be 37 degrees.

Question 18

Explain differences in school and industrial conditions for growing microbes

Answer 18

School incubates at 25 degrees but lab incubate at 37 degrees because if you did incubate at 37 degrees at a school you could end up going a harmful pathogen.