keep forgetting !! Flashcards
describe the steps required in insulin binding
- insulin binds to tyrosine kinase - activated
- phosphorylattion of Insulin receptor on both tyrosine kinases
- phosphorylation of both IR substrate proteins
- activation of PI3K
- activation of PIP3
- recruits PDK which phosphorylates AKT and other user/thr kinases
DNA damage noticed - what are the steps taken to stop cycle
- ATM/ATR binds to the Origin of Replication
- turns p53 on, turns P21 on ( a CKI)
- which stops G1 to S CDKs
what controls M-CDKs and why are m-CDKs important
activated by cdc25
inhibited by wee1
role - to drive cell into mitosis
role of APC and what does it cause
activates proteases to separate the sister chromatids
causes ubiquination of S-cyclin, Securin
3 way cells increase proclivity of DNA replication and the basic principles of each step
- add sliding clamp - loader uses ATP hydrolysis to put clamp around DNA,causes primes to be released and triggers delta and epsilon polymerase
- ssDNA binding proteins - ensure no hairpins
- Topioisomerases - nick and reseal the backbone T1- ss no ATP , T2 ds and need ATP
Steps to form the Pre RC and when does it occur
in G1
- origin replication complax binds to replicator sequence
- Cdc1 and Cdc6 bind to ORC
- Helicase binds to these (requires ATP hydrolysis)
Base excision repair steps (BER) and when need
for pyrimidine dimers
- DNA glycosylases cleave
- AP endonuclease and phosphodiesterase remove backbone
- DNA polymerase
- Ligase seal gap
Glenda Ended Phils Polygraph lie test
Non homologous end joining steps
Ku heterodimers recognise
DNA- PK and ATM protein kinases attatch
Repair synthesis and ligation
Homologous Recombination to repair dsDNA
use sister as template
Digest 5’ end by nuclease
DNA ligation
Na+ and Ca2+ channel gene
SLC8 family - NCX1-3 in mammals
Nav and Cav structure
24TM
6SU
N + C and Intracellular
Kir family structure
2TM
4SU
N and C intracellular
CFTR cl- channel structure
12TM
N and C Intracellular
Kv channel structure
6TM
4SU
N and C intracellular
cyclic nucleotide gated channel
6TM
4SU
N and C are regulatory domains - 3 of 4 sites must be bound to
P2X structure
2TM
3 SU
N and C intracellular
ATP binds
Cys loop structure
4TM
5 SU
N and C extracellular
binding of ACh causes the M2 subunit to rotate and open pore
Glutamate ionotropic structure
3TM
4SU
N extracellular
C intracellular
what bind to CPY in golgi
where do they dissociate
Clathrin, Gga1+2 and CPY bind to Vps10 channel
dissociate in late endosome
COP2 : GTPas, coat and cargo
GTPase - Sar 1
Coat - COP2
Cargo - newly synthesised proteins
COP1 : GTPas, coat and cargo
GTPase - Arf 1
Coat - COP1
Cargo - retrieves and newly synthesised proteins
Clathrin - GTPas, coat and cargo
GTPase - Arf 1
Coat - Clathrin
Cargo - lysosomal and endocytose material
role of NPC proteins and what occurs if defective
facilitate lipid transfer from endosome and lysosome to the ER
defective - NP disease C - autosomal recessive effects liver and spleen, cells become full of cholesterol and membranes don’t have the cholesterol that they need
3 features of the ER contact sites
- ribosomes excluded
- membranes are close 3-15nm
- long lived
What is AP2
major clathrin adaptor selects material from outside cell to be brought in. adaptors recognise motifs in cargo
What is the pathology of Xerderma Pigments
light sensitivity
7 different gene mutations possible
NER pathway damaged
cannot repair UV induced dimers
Cortisol production pathway steps
- Hypothalamus signals to pituitary
- pituitary produces and releases ACTH
- ACTH to adrenal glands
- Stimulates production of Cortisol
- Cortisol released into blood
what are the events that occur in gene conversion
DNA polymerase jumps to another template strand
what percentage of genome are introns
20%
what regulates monomeric signalling
RGS
role of the protein coat
facilitates the pinching off of the vesicle
what occurs when the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated
increases the synthesis of ER chaperones and decreases protein synthesis
what will you never find at membrane contact sites
what will you fine
no - hydrophillic lipids
Yes - NPC and ORP5
2 roles of the N terminus in GPCRS
can direct the ligand to the site - enkephalins
block the site - adrenoreceptors
Coated vesicle formation requires these 5 things
GTPases, adaptors, coat proteins, ATP and GTP
what occurs in the ER
Newly made proteins are glycosylated within the ER
The lumen of the ER is rich in chaperones.
Newly-made proteins are folded within the lumen of the ER
Small GTPases of the ras superfamily are converted to their GTP form by
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
What properties of CPY are central to its use in the screens?
It is glycosylated and proteolytically processed in different compartments
what do both voltage-gated sodium channels and glutamate receptors have in common?
Their selectivity filter is defined by a p-loop
what is ribophorin and p58
Ribophorin is a resident ER protein.
P58 is a COPII cargo protein
Expression of Sar1GDP inhibits …..
COPII formation
