keep forgetting !!

Question 1

describe the steps required in insulin binding

Answer 1

1. insulin binds to tyrosine kinase - activated
2. phosphorylattion of Insulin receptor on both tyrosine kinases
3. phosphorylation of both IR substrate proteins
4. activation of PI3K
5. activation of PIP3
6. recruits PDK which phosphorylates AKT and other user/thr kinases

Question 2

DNA damage noticed - what are the steps taken to stop cycle

Answer 2

1. ATM/ATR binds to the Origin of Replication
2. turns p53 on, turns P21 on ( a CKI)
3. which stops G1 to S CDKs

Question 3

what controls M-CDKs and why are m-CDKs important

Answer 3

activated by cdc25
inhibited by wee1
role - to drive cell into mitosis

Question 4

role of APC and what does it cause

Answer 4

activates proteases to separate the sister chromatids

causes ubiquination of S-cyclin, Securin

Question 5

3 way cells increase proclivity of DNA replication and the basic principles of each step

Answer 5

1. add sliding clamp - loader uses ATP hydrolysis to put clamp around DNA,causes primes to be released and triggers delta and epsilon polymerase
2. ssDNA binding proteins - ensure no hairpins
3. Topioisomerases - nick and reseal the backbone T1- ss no ATP , T2 ds and need ATP

Question 6

Steps to form the Pre RC and when does it occur

Answer 6

in G1

1. origin replication complax binds to replicator sequence
2. Cdc1 and Cdc6 bind to ORC
3. Helicase binds to these (requires ATP hydrolysis)

Question 7

Base excision repair steps (BER) and when need

Answer 7

for pyrimidine dimers

1. DNA glycosylases cleave
2. AP endonuclease and phosphodiesterase remove backbone
3. DNA polymerase
4. Ligase seal gap

Glenda Ended Phils Polygraph lie test

Question 8

Non homologous end joining steps

Answer 8

Ku heterodimers recognise
DNA- PK and ATM protein kinases attatch
Repair synthesis and ligation

Question 9

Homologous Recombination to repair dsDNA

Answer 9

use sister as template
Digest 5’ end by nuclease
DNA ligation

Question 10

Na+ and Ca2+ channel gene

Answer 10

SLC8 family - NCX1-3 in mammals

Question 11

Nav and Cav structure

Answer 11

24TM

6SU

N + C and Intracellular

Question 12

Kir family structure

Answer 12

2TM

4SU

N and C intracellular

Question 13

CFTR cl- channel structure

Answer 13

12TM

N and C Intracellular

Question 14

Kv channel structure

Answer 14

6TM

4SU

N and C intracellular

Question 15

cyclic nucleotide gated channel

Answer 15

6TM

4SU

N and C are regulatory domains - 3 of 4 sites must be bound to

Question 16

P2X structure

Answer 16

2TM

3 SU

N and C intracellular
ATP binds

Question 17

Cys loop structure

Answer 17

4TM

5 SU

N and C extracellular

binding of ACh causes the M2 subunit to rotate and open pore

Question 18

Glutamate ionotropic structure

Answer 18

3TM

4SU

N extracellular
C intracellular

Question 19

what bind to CPY in golgi

where do they dissociate

Answer 19

Clathrin, Gga1+2 and CPY bind to Vps10 channel

dissociate in late endosome

Question 20

COP2 : GTPas, coat and cargo

Answer 20

GTPase - Sar 1
Coat - COP2
Cargo - newly synthesised proteins

Question 21

COP1 : GTPas, coat and cargo

Answer 21

GTPase - Arf 1
Coat - COP1
Cargo - retrieves and newly synthesised proteins

Question 22

Clathrin - GTPas, coat and cargo

Answer 22

GTPase - Arf 1
Coat - Clathrin
Cargo - lysosomal and endocytose material

Question 23

role of NPC proteins and what occurs if defective

Answer 23

facilitate lipid transfer from endosome and lysosome to the ER

defective - NP disease C - autosomal recessive effects liver and spleen, cells become full of cholesterol and membranes don’t have the cholesterol that they need

Question 24

3 features of the ER contact sites

Answer 24

1. ribosomes excluded
2. membranes are close 3-15nm
3. long lived

Question 25

What is AP2

Answer 25

major clathrin adaptor selects material from outside cell to be brought in. adaptors recognise motifs in cargo

Question 26

What is the pathology of Xerderma Pigments

Answer 26

light sensitivity 7 different gene mutations possible NER pathway damaged cannot repair UV induced dimers

Question 27

Cortisol production pathway steps

Answer 27

1. Hypothalamus signals to pituitary 2. pituitary produces and releases ACTH 3. ACTH to adrenal glands 4. Stimulates production of Cortisol 5. Cortisol released into blood

Question 28

what are the events that occur in gene conversion

Answer 28

DNA polymerase jumps to another template strand

Question 29

what percentage of genome are introns

Answer 29

20%

Question 30

what regulates monomeric signalling

Answer 30

RGS

Question 31

role of the protein coat

Answer 31

facilitates the pinching off of the vesicle

Question 32

what occurs when the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated

Answer 32

increases the synthesis of ER chaperones and decreases protein synthesis

Question 33

what will you never find at membrane contact sites what will you fine

Answer 33

no - hydrophillic lipids Yes - NPC and ORP5

Question 34

2 roles of the N terminus in GPCRS

Answer 34

can direct the ligand to the site - enkephalins block the site - adrenoreceptors

Question 35

Coated vesicle formation requires these 5 things

Answer 35

GTPases, adaptors, coat proteins, ATP and GTP

Question 36

what occurs in the ER

Answer 36

Newly made proteins are glycosylated within the ER The lumen of the ER is rich in chaperones. Newly-made proteins are folded within the lumen of the ER

Question 37

Small GTPases of the ras superfamily are converted to their GTP form by

Answer 37

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors

Question 38

What properties of CPY are central to its use in the screens?

Answer 38

It is glycosylated and proteolytically processed in different compartments

Question 39

what do both voltage-gated sodium channels and glutamate receptors have in common?

Answer 39

Their selectivity filter is defined by a p-loop

Question 40

what is ribophorin and p58

Answer 40

Ribophorin is a resident ER protein. | P58 is a COPII cargo protein

Question 41

Expression of Sar1GDP inhibits .....

Answer 41

COPII formation