Katwa Flashcards
1
Q
Small Intestine: What is absorbed by each portion and identifier
A
- Duodenum
- absorb iron
- Brunner’s Glands (Submucosal Glands)
- Jejunum
- Absorb Folic acid
- Plicae circularis
- Ileum
- Absorb vitamin B12 and Bile salts
- Peyers patches
2
Q
Small Intestine Cells
A
- Absorptive Cells
- microvilli
- absorb water
- Goblet cells
- increase towards rectum
- produce mucus
- M Cells
- APCs-Dendritic Cells
- Paneth’s Cells
- at base of cell
- Lysozyme=antibacterial
- Enteroendocrine
- Stem Cells
3
Q
Compensation
A
- Does not correct the original problem
- second abnormality is created to compensate the orignal cause
4
Q
Respiratory Compensation
A
- Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis more effective than for metablic alkalosis
5
Q
Rest and Digest
A
- Increased Splanchic Blood flow maintains intestinal viabliity
- serves as source/sink for material transported across GI tract epithelium
6
Q
Intermittent fasting
A
- no food for 2-4 days
- mainly reduces inflammation and oxidative stress: leads to increase
- mitocondrial number and quality
- cellular regenerative process
- Good for immunocompromise:
- boosts immunity and may reverse it
7
Q
Four processes of the digestive system? Which are continuously regulated?
A
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Motility
- Secretion
Motility and secretion continuously regulated
8
Q
What stimulates the four processes of digestive sytem?
A
- ENS (enteric) and CNS
9
Q
Food Processing: Phases of Digestion
A
integrated response to meal
- Cephalic Phase
- oral, esophageal
- initiated by stimuli
- characterized by activated PNS
- prepares stomach for food and digestion
- Gastric phase:
- storage, mixing, digestion and protection
- from bacterial invasion and auto digestion
- Intestinal Phase: MOST IMPORTANT
- Digestion and Absorption
- bicarbonate
- mucus
- bile
- digestive enzymes (Enteropeptidase)
- Large intestine
- concentrates water for excrecretion (mass movement)
- Digestion and Absorption
10
Q
Intermittent Fasting: 5 benefits
A
- Improves immune regulation
- Stimulates cellular autophagy
- slow down aging process
- Improves genetic repair mechanisms
- Improves Insulin Sensitivity
- Chronic Diseases:
- reduced CVD
11
Q
Gut nickname
A
- The inner tube of Life:
- Powerhouse of Energy
- energy homeostasis
- 2nd Brain
- immune integrity
- Powerhouse of Energy
12
Q
Most imoprtant function of digestive system
A
- Continuous supply of water, electrolytes and nutrients to the body
- AND
- Elimination of waste products through anus
13
Q
Major challenges of Digestive system
A
- efficient extraction of essential nutrients
- Protection against Autodigesiton
- Protection against bacterial infection
- Maintaining mass body fluid balance
14
Q
Deglutition
A
swallowing
15
Q
Eructation
A
Burping
16
Q
Emesis
A
Vomiting
17
Q
Borborygmi
A
bowel sounds
18
Q
Flatus
A
intestinal gas
19
Q
Postprandial
A
after eating
20
Q
Extrinsic innervcation of the GI tract
A
- Subdivisions of ANS
- A-PNS
- parasympathetic
- excitatory
- Medulla: VASOVAGAL REFLEX
- Vagus nerve innervates the:
- esophagus
- stomach
- Pancreas
- Intestine
- Upper colon
- Vagus nerve innervates the:
- Sacral Spinal Cord
- Pelvic nerve innervates the:
- lower descending colon
- rectum
- anus
- Pelvic nerve innervates the:
- B-SNS
- sympathetic
- inhibitory on GI fxn
- innervate:
- Superior Cervical ganglion
- Prevertebral ganglia
- celiac
- superior mesenteric
- inferior mesenteric
21
Q
Vasovagal reflex
A
- Reflex in which bot afferent and efferent pathways are in vagus nerve
- coordination of gastric, small intestine, and pancreatic digestive functions
22
Q
Spinal Cord injury: GI
A
C6=abnormal defecation
23
Q
location of ENS
A
- Myenteric Plexus
- Auerbach’s plexus
- Submucosal Plexus
- Meissner’s Plexus
24
Q
ENS
A
- aka “little or second brain”
- Highly innervated
- more neurons that spinal cord (100 million)
- Independent of CNS
25
Hirschsprung disease
* aka Congenital Aganglionic megacolon
* polygenic disorder
* Muations in a least 3 different classes of genes
* No Meyenteric (auerbach's plexus) and Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus
* Functional obstruction of Distal part of the colon and rectum
* caused by the absence of enteric ganglia
26
27
Celiac Disease
* Gluten Enteropathy
* damage to villi/microvilli due to autoimmune response of T cells
* Small intestine
28
Enamel:
* Highly mineralized acellular tissue
* Calcium phosphate crystals comprise 99% of dry weight
* Crystals resemble hydroxyapatite
* Crystals packd to form enamel rods
* space b/w crystals=water (11%) and organic (2%)
* Translucent
29
Saliva
* Protects Enamel:
* contains:
* calcium
* phosphate
* Fluoride
30
Crystal Dissolution
* Solubility product of hydroxyapatite KSPHA
* concentration of mineral of teeth in solution
* Ion Activity Product of Hydroxyapatite IAPHA
* Solubility of active ions in the solution
* @equilibrium; pH=7--\>no disolution
* KSPHA=IAPHA
31
Hydroxyapatite @pH less than 7
* Apatite solubiliity increases
* Acid causes disolution of enamel
* loss of Calcium and Phosphate
* PO43- binds 2 Hydrogens
* IAP decreases
* solution is unsaturated and more hydroxyapatite dissolves until saturation is reestablished
32
Critical pH Value of Enamel
* Hydroxyapatite=5.5
* Fluorapatite (FA)=4.5
33
Define critcal pH value
* When IAPHA=KSPHA , the solution is saturated and no demineralization or remineralization will occur
* pH that corresponds to this saturation=critical pH
34
Critical pH for dentin
* 6.5
35
Process of demineralization
* Bacteria
* ferment carbohydrates
* produce acid which decreases the pH
* Loss of calcium, phosphate and carbonate from tooth
36
Large Intestine: Identifiers
* No Villi
* A lot of GOBLET Cells
* Teniae Coli
* Haustra
37
Zenker's Diverticula
* Severe halitosis
* Weakening of muscle wall
* lack of coordination of swallowing
38
Stomach Cells
* Surface mucous cells
* thick alkaline mucus
* Undifferentiated (Stem) Cells
* Mucuous Neck cells
* Parietal (Oxyntic) cells
* Boobs
* Secrete HCL and IF
* pale and pink
* Chief (zymogenic) cells
* gastric lipase
* proenzymes (pepsinogen to pepsin)
* Enteroendocrine cells
