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Week 44 > Katwa > Flashcards

Katwa Flashcards

1
Q

Small Intestine: What is absorbed by each portion and identifier

A
  • Duodenum
    • absorb iron
    • Brunner’s Glands (Submucosal Glands)
  • Jejunum
    • Absorb Folic acid
    • Plicae circularis
  • Ileum
    • Absorb vitamin B12 and Bile salts
    • Peyers patches
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2
Q

Small Intestine Cells

A
  • Absorptive Cells
    • microvilli
    • absorb water
  • Goblet cells
    • increase towards rectum
    • produce mucus
  • M Cells
    • APCs-Dendritic Cells
  • Paneth’s Cells
    • at base of cell
    • Lysozyme=antibacterial
  • Enteroendocrine
  • Stem Cells
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3
Q

Compensation

A
  • Does not correct the original problem
  • second abnormality is created to compensate the orignal cause
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4
Q

Respiratory Compensation

A
  • Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis more effective than for metablic alkalosis
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5
Q

Rest and Digest

A
  • Increased Splanchic Blood flow maintains intestinal viabliity
  • serves as source/sink for material transported across GI tract epithelium
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6
Q

Intermittent fasting

A
  • no food for 2-4 days
  • mainly reduces inflammation and oxidative stress: leads to increase
    • mitocondrial number and quality
    • cellular regenerative process
  • Good for immunocompromise:
    • boosts immunity and may reverse it
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7
Q

Four processes of the digestive system? Which are continuously regulated?

A
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Motility
  • Secretion

Motility and secretion continuously regulated

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8
Q

What stimulates the four processes of digestive sytem?

A
  • ENS (enteric) and CNS
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9
Q

Food Processing: Phases of Digestion

A

integrated response to meal

  • Cephalic Phase
    • oral, esophageal
    • initiated by stimuli
      • characterized by activated PNS
    • prepares stomach for food and digestion
  • Gastric phase:
    • storage, mixing, digestion and protection
    • from bacterial invasion and auto digestion
  • Intestinal Phase: MOST IMPORTANT
    • Digestion and Absorption
      • bicarbonate
      • mucus
      • bile
      • digestive enzymes (Enteropeptidase)
    • Large intestine
      • concentrates water for excrecretion (mass movement)
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10
Q

Intermittent Fasting: 5 benefits

A
  • Improves immune regulation
  • Stimulates cellular autophagy
    • slow down aging process
  • Improves genetic repair mechanisms
  • Improves Insulin Sensitivity
  • Chronic Diseases:
    • reduced CVD
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11
Q

Gut nickname

A
  • The inner tube of Life:
    • Powerhouse of Energy
      • energy homeostasis
    • 2nd Brain
      • immune integrity
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12
Q

Most imoprtant function of digestive system

A
  • Continuous supply of water, electrolytes and nutrients to the body
  • AND
  • Elimination of waste products through anus
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13
Q

Major challenges of Digestive system

A
  • efficient extraction of essential nutrients
  • Protection against Autodigesiton
  • Protection against bacterial infection
  • Maintaining mass body fluid balance
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14
Q

Deglutition

A

swallowing

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15
Q

Eructation

A

Burping

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16
Q

Emesis

A

Vomiting

17
Q

Borborygmi

A

bowel sounds

18
Q

Flatus

A

intestinal gas

19
Q

Postprandial

A

after eating

20
Q

Extrinsic innervcation of the GI tract

A
  • Subdivisions of ANS
  • A-PNS
    • parasympathetic
    • excitatory
    • Medulla: VASOVAGAL REFLEX
      • Vagus nerve innervates the:
        • esophagus
        • stomach
        • Pancreas
        • Intestine
        • Upper colon
    • Sacral Spinal Cord
      • Pelvic nerve innervates the:
        • lower descending colon
        • rectum
        • anus
  • B-SNS
    • sympathetic
    • inhibitory on GI fxn
    • innervate:
      • Superior Cervical ganglion
      • Prevertebral ganglia
        • celiac
        • superior mesenteric
        • inferior mesenteric
21
Q

Vasovagal reflex

A
  • Reflex in which bot afferent and efferent pathways are in vagus nerve
  • coordination of gastric, small intestine, and pancreatic digestive functions
22
Q

Spinal Cord injury: GI

A

C6=abnormal defecation

23
Q

location of ENS

A
  • Myenteric Plexus
    • Auerbach’s plexus
  • Submucosal Plexus
    • Meissner’s Plexus
24
Q

ENS

A
  • aka “little or second brain”
  • Highly innervated
    • more neurons that spinal cord (100 million)
  • Independent of CNS
25
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A
  • aka Congenital Aganglionic megacolon
  • polygenic disorder
    • Muations in a least 3 different classes of genes
    • No Meyenteric (auerbach’s plexus) and Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus
  • Functional obstruction of Distal part of the colon and rectum
    • caused by the absence of enteric ganglia
26
Q
A
27
Q

Celiac Disease

A
  • Gluten Enteropathy
  • damage to villi/microvilli due to autoimmune response of T cells
  • Small intestine
28
Q

Enamel:

A
  • Highly mineralized acellular tissue
  • Calcium phosphate crystals comprise 99% of dry weight
    • Crystals resemble hydroxyapatite
  • Crystals packd to form enamel rods
    • space b/w crystals=water (11%) and organic (2%)
  • Translucent
29
Q

Saliva

A
  • Protects Enamel:
  • contains:
    • calcium
    • phosphate
    • Fluoride
30
Q

Crystal Dissolution

A
  • Solubility product of hydroxyapatite KSPHA
    • concentration of mineral of teeth in solution
  • Ion Activity Product of Hydroxyapatite IAPHA
    • Solubility of active ions in the solution
  • @equilibrium; pH=7–>no disolution
    • KSPHA=IAPHA
31
Q

Hydroxyapatite @pH less than 7

A
  • Apatite solubiliity increases
  • Acid causes disolution of enamel
    • loss of Calcium and Phosphate
    • PO43- binds 2 Hydrogens
  • IAP decreases
    • solution is unsaturated and more hydroxyapatite dissolves until saturation is reestablished
32
Q

Critical pH Value of Enamel

A
  • Hydroxyapatite=5.5
  • Fluorapatite (FA)=4.5
33
Q

Define critcal pH value

A
  • When IAPHA=KSPHA , the solution is saturated and no demineralization or remineralization will occur
  • pH that corresponds to this saturation=critical pH
34
Q

Critical pH for dentin

A
  • 6.5
35
Q

Process of demineralization

A
  • Bacteria
    • ferment carbohydrates
    • produce acid which decreases the pH
  • Loss of calcium, phosphate and carbonate from tooth
36
Q

Large Intestine: Identifiers

A
  • No Villi
  • A lot of GOBLET Cells
  • Teniae Coli
    • Haustra
37
Q

Zenker’s Diverticula

A
  • Severe halitosis
  • Weakening of muscle wall
  • lack of coordination of swallowing
38
Q

Stomach Cells

A
  • Surface mucous cells
    • thick alkaline mucus
  • Undifferentiated (Stem) Cells
  • Mucuous Neck cells
  • Parietal (Oxyntic) cells
    • Boobs
    • Secrete HCL and IF
    • pale and pink
  • Chief (zymogenic) cells
    • gastric lipase
    • proenzymes (pepsinogen to pepsin)
  • Enteroendocrine cells

Week 44 (8 decks)

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