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Week 44 > GI: Gross anatomy Basics > Flashcards

GI: Gross anatomy Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Digestive System

A
  • Ingestion
  • Mechanical Processing
  • Digestion
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
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2
Q

GI Tract definition

A
  • muscular tube extending from oral cavity to anus
    • circular and external longitudinal layers
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3
Q

Components of GI tract

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestines
  • large intestines
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4
Q

Accessory glands of GI tract

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
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5
Q

Intraperitoneal vs Retroperitoneal

A
  • Intraperitoneal
    • covered compmletely by peritoneum
      • serous membrane
    • attached to body wall by mesenteries
  • Retroperitoneal
    • covered by peritoneum on anterior side only
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6
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Muscular Tube
    • 25 cm long
  • Primarily in thorax
    • begins posterior to cricoid cartilage
    • passes through diaphgram
  • Cranial 1/3=skeleteal muscle
  • middle 1/3=skeletal and smooth muscle
  • Caudal 1/3=smooth muscle
  • Contains:
    • upper esophageal sphincter
      • prevent air from entering the esophagus
    • Lower Esophageal sphincter
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7
Q

GERD

A
  • backward flow of stomach acid through the Lower Esophageal sphincter into lower esophagus
  • Causes Heartburn or acid indegestion
    • painful
  • May cause erosion of enamel on teeth
  • Tx by:
    • drugs
      • to reduce excess stomach acid
    • Surgery
      • reduce lumen size oo strengthen LES
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8
Q

Stomach: Different parts

A
  • Intraperitoneal
  • 4 parts:
    • Cardia
      • surrounds esophageal orifice
    • Fundus
      • dilated superior part
      • related to left dome of diaphgram
    • Body:
      • majory part
      • b/w fundus and pyloric antrum
    • Pyloric part:
      • pyloric antrum
      • pyloric canal
  • 2 curvatures:
    • greater curvature
      • on left
      • longer and convex
    • Lesser curvature
      • on right
      • shorter and concave
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9
Q

Shape and size difference depen on?

A
  • differs per individual
  • between meals
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10
Q

Stomach is characterized by:

A

Rugae- longitudinal gastric folds

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11
Q

Stomach: Functions

A
  • Transorm food into chyme
    • Body(corpus)
  • Mechanical Breakdown/Digestion
    • Break chemical bonds in food by acid and enzymes
  • Produces :
    • Gastrin
      • regulates digestive function
      • gastric juices
    • Gastric Lipase
      • triglycerides
    • Pepsin
      • proteins
    • HCl (chief cells)
    • IF (chief Cells)
      • helps absorb vitamin B12 in ileum of SI
  • Limited Absorptioin
    • certain durgs and alcohol
  • Storage
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12
Q

Gastrin

A
  • Hormone produced by the stomach
  • regulate digestive functions
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13
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • 90% of digestion and absorption of nutrients
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14
Q

What are the parts of the small inteste

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Illeum
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15
Q

Small intestine characterized by:

A

Plicae circulares

permanent tranverse folds containing intestinal villi

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16
Q

Duodenum

A
  • C Shaped
  • 1st part of small intestine
  • smallest-25 cm
  • retroperitoneal
    • except for 1st part
  • Has many plicae circulares and intestinal villi
  • Receives and mixes:
    • chyme from stomach
    • digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
17
Q

4 parts of duodenum

A
  • Superior
    • intraperitoneal (rest is RETROPERITONEAL)
  • Descending
    • receives pancreatic and bile ducts
  • Horizontal
    • inferior to superior mesenteric vessels
  • Ascending
    • curves to join jejunum
18
Q

Jejunum

A
  • Locatrion of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
    • folic acid
  • plicae circularis
19
Q

ileum

A
  • Last/Distal part of small intestine
  • Major location for absorption of vitamin B12
20
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Inverted horseshoe shape organ
  • frames small intestine
  • 1.5m
21
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine

A
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • Colon
    • ascending
    • transverse
    • descending
    • sigmoid
  • Rectum
  • Anal Canal
22
Q

Surface features of large intestine

A

End at Rectum

  • Teniae coli
    • 3 bands of longitudinal muscles
  • Haustra
    • punches produced by contraction of teniae coli
  • Omental (epiploic) appendices
    • fatty outgrowth attached to external wall
23
Q

Major Functions of Large Intestine

A
  • Reabsorption of water
  • Absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria
  • Compact into feces
  • Storage of feces
  • Produce Lubricant
24
Q

Large Intestine: Cecum

A
  • Blind pouch
  • intrapeitoneal
    • no mesentery
  • receives material from ileum through ileocecal valve
  • Begins Compaction
25
Q

Large Intestine: Appendix

A
  • aka Vemiform (worm-like) appendix
  • Blind diverticulum with minimal lumen
  • extends from posteromedial wall of cecum inferior to ileocecal junction
  • Intraperitoneal
  • Dominated by lymphoid tissue in adolescence
26
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • Acute inflammatioon of appendix
  • Initially vague/dull pain in umbilical region
    • then severe pain in right lower quadrant=irritated peritoneum
27
Q

Colon

A
  • Ascending:
    • narrower than cecum
    • Retroperitoneal
    • continues as transverse colon at right colic (hepatic) flexure
  • Transverse
    • Largest part
    • most movable portion
    • intraperitoneal
    • continuess as descending colon at left colic (splenic) flexure
  • Descending
    • much narrower
    • retroperitoneal
  • Sigmoid
    • descends into pelvic cavity
    • intraperitoneal
28
Q

Diverticulosis

A
  • Mucosal Outgrowths (Diverticula) in middle-aged and elderly
  • most common in sigmoid colon
  • Can become infected and inflammed=Diverticulitis
29
Q

Rectum

A
  • last 17cm of digestive system in pelvic cavity
  • continues as anal canal at anorectal angle (90 degree)
  • superior 1/3 covered anteriorly and laterally by peritoneum
  • expandable for temporary storage of feces
  • characterized by transverse rectal folds
30
Q

Anal Canal

A
  • Terminal 5 cm of digestive tract
  • contains anal columns:
  • Surrounded by:
    • internal anal sphincter
      • smooth muscle
      • involuntary
    • external anal sphincter
      • skeletal muscle
      • voluntary

Week 44 (8 decks)

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