Katie-diverse Careers And Employability

Question 1

Why behaviour change is needed

Answer 1

Current challenges: health, conflict, poverty, sustainability, climate change, food security
Future discounting, care more about current than future self

Question 2

Health

Answer 2

Unhealthy behaviours often short term rewarding e.g. drinking, smoking, unhealthy food
Healthy behaviours often not rewarding e.g. cervical exam, eating well and exercising
Behaviours that protect others can be personally costly like giving blood, mask wearing, vaccines

Question 3

Inequality and poverty

Answer 3

Having power in society is rewarding so to give away this is costly e.g. giving to charity, donating, volunteering

Question 4

Climate change and environmental degradation

Answer 4

Beneficial behaviours can be costly w no tangible reward - no operant conditioning
Good behaviours: farmers planting trees, electric car or heating but both costly, public transport, recycling

Question 5

Sustainability

Answer 5

Need to inhibit a resource that result in high short term gains
Preserving limited resources and harmful practices
E.g. no fishing zones, pesticide and fertiliser use increase yield but bad for environment, no palm oil, sustainable things are more expensive

Question 6

Altruism/prosaically

Answer 6

Costly to donor but beneficial to recipient. To be evolutionarily stable, need benefits to donor. More pro social toward kink seen in bees as high genetic relatedness. Meerkats look after others young, elephants. Unique to humans is that we do prosocial acts to feel good/release oxytocin

Question 7

Social norms

Answer 7

Pro social are holding doors, manners, tipping- enforced via social approval/disapproval. 3 types of disapproval: confrontation, gossip or ostracism. Most manage thier reputation by seeking approval

Question 8

Behaviour change in health

Answer 8

Can either gain frame massages to emphasise benefits or loss frame which highlights potential consequences of not acting. Stopping smoking higher in gain frame after 7 weeks. Gain more effective targeting behaviours to prevent disease. Loss better for behaviours that detect presence like screenings

Question 9

Environmental behavioural change

Answer 9

One challenge is contamination in recycling bins. Tried door convos for those contaminating, incentives or feedback card. Door convo had no change, other two similar but feedback cheaper

Question 10

Consumer behaviour change

Answer 10

Persuading ppl to buy products, classical conditions by pairing W celeb. Salience is how products position in the shop affects, things at eye level, checkouts for impulses. Ppl buy from companies when values align W theirs but when companies break this, find cog dissonance: festinger: discomfort as conflict or behaviour not consistent W beliefs: so change brands

Question 11

Charitable giving behaviour change

Answer 11

Want ppl to give to charity: mixed evidence from message framing: found + created better attitudes to org long term but - got more donations

Question 12

Nudge-Thaler and sunstein 2008

Answer 12

Small changes in environment can influence decisions without restricting choice. Defaults: most don’t like decision making so stick W default-organ donation. Framing: e.g. gain loss framing. Salience. Feedback: rewards encourage behaviour. Social norms: most people conform to what others doing to manage reputation

Question 13

Smith and mcsweeney 2007

Answer 13

3 types of norms: descriptive: what others do makes it more likely for you to do the same, found in chimps. Injunctive norms: more likely to do what others think they should do e.g. tipping when W Americans. Moral norms: what is right

Question 14

Theory of planned behaviour - azjen

Answer 14

Behaviour driven by intentions, driven by attitudes, social norms and behavioural control (ease/ability). Revised for giving smith and mcsweeney: perceived control, past behaviour plus injunctive, descriptive and moral norms, attitude, all factors affect behaviour intention and direct links
Found intention predicted self reported donating behaviour, all predictors supported apart from descriptive norms: telling info about others did not affect giving

Question 15

From behavioural insight team:Hobbs and cryder

Answer 15

Hobbs: make it easy (removing barriers increases behavioural control) e.g. opt out organs- effective but doesn’t change attitudes (can be important). Cryder. Personalised messages more effective. Feel good benefits doing things morally right increase self esteem, but need clear impact action will have

Question 16

Behavioural insights gneezy and ariely

Answer 16

Gneezy: ppl don’t want to fund big office as impact not clear, want front line impact but happy for others to. A: incentives make behaviour more likely to happen, financial only increase giving if its private as it decreases reputation

Question 17

Reputation and incentives: coterill and cryder

Answer 17

offering to publicise the names of everyone who donated a book to local library increased donations. personal gain is incompatible w altruism. Incentives undermine intrinsic feel good motivation

Question 18

Deci and Hobbs: incentives

Answer 18

Donations smaller when incentives offered, when donate for personal interest, attitudes towards cause less likely to change. Humans have drive to reciprocate- charities giving gifts can motivate donations: Deutschland bank gave ppl sweets, more likely to donate days salary

Question 19

Focusing on social aspects

Answer 19

Endorsement by influential/ philanthropic ppl work. Ppl who joined fundings groups W more donors are more likely to donate. Message saying many people leave money to charity in their wills will increase legacy donations

Question 20

Timing

Answer 20

Making donation request as part of another change like new job, writing will. Target people at the start
Ppl value future less than present, increase in donations when donors asked to commit to future donations than rn - will you give in the futur

Question 21

Empathy and sympathy

Answer 21

People give W heart, not head. Identifiable victim effect- stronger connections to one victim to a group or stat
Name and photo key but more info not always better as stats alongside can inhibit emotional response and decrease donations small 2007