Karki 2013

Question 1

Karki

Answer 1

2013

Question 2

2013

Answer 2

Karki

Question 3

What does this paper look at

Answer 3

Nepal’s Bardia National Park and conservation incentives to see if they have contributed to the sustainable livelihoods of households

Question 4

Why may conserving land become a development issue

Answer 4

As it restricts agricultural expansion and resource exploitation

Question 5

What was the conclusion

Answer 5

That the impacts on households were dependent on household characteristics, access to prior capital, and the social position of the household within society

Question 6

Which groups were least excluded from the benefits of development projects

Answer 6

Households lacking resources, being poor and belonging to lower castes

Question 7

Fortin and Gagnon, 1999

Answer 7

Some areas benefit from tourism in protected areas

Question 8

‘Some areas benefit from tourism in protected areas’

Answer 8

Fortin and Gagnon 1999

Question 9

Do the majority of areas benefit from tourism in protected areas

Answer 9

No, the majority suffer issues as it places higher social burden on local communities

Question 10

What has been implemented to minimise the social costs for local communities

Answer 10

Compensatory and incentive-based programmes (IBPs) - benefit sharing

Question 11

What do research studies on the negative impacts of IBPs include

Answer 11

Exacerbation of social differences, generation of high expectations without meeting targets, and an unfair distribution of benefits (Naughton-Treves et al., 2005, West and Brockington, 2006).

Question 12

How much of Nepal is protected land

Answer 12

23.23%

Question 13

What have influenced the social-ecological system of protected areas in Nepal

Answer 13

Park-people conflicts, displacements of local communities and loss of household livelihoods, and increased illegal resource extraction

Question 14

What national park is looked at

Answer 14

Barida National Park

Question 15

Features of Barida National Park

Answer 15

• High wildlife densities
• Habitats
• Main river course
• They extended the park boudoirs may times

Question 16

How many people live near the park

Answer 16

20 village development committees border the park in a buffer zone (forest, river, agricultural land, settlements etc.)

Question 17

What do buffer zones do

Answer 17

Provide the opportunity for local people to use forest products, and provides an extended habitat for animals

Question 18

How much money is put back into development of buffer zones

Answer 18

30-50% park revenue

Question 19

Baral and Heinen 2007

Answer 19

The IBPs also include income generation activities, training, school development, infrastructure support etc.

Question 20

Main source of livelihoods in the 3 surrounding villages

Answer 20

92% agriculture

Question 21

Shivapur - dependent on parks

Answer 21

65% of households were illegally dependent upon the park resources to fulfil their daily needs and to supplement their subsistence-based agriculture

Question 22

What village had 65% of households illegally dependent on the park

Answer 22

Shivapur

Question 23

Trust

Answer 23

Since the IBPs were in place, 52% of respondents agreed trust between villagers had degraded, as there are more conflicts between wealth

Question 24

How many people believed they had benefitted

Answer 24

More than 60% households believed they had benefited from development projects and they are satisfied

Question 25

Productivity

Answer 25

Participants claimed that since the park was established they had faced a decline in productivity due to crop damage and restricted resource use

Question 26

Livestock

Answer 26

Households have reduced their livestock due to lack of fodder and grazing areas

Question 27

What are the 4 conservation benefits provided to households

Answer 27

• The annual grass cutting programme where once a year people are allowed to enter the park for 3 days to collect thatch grass
• The revenue sharing programme where 30-50% of the revenue generated from the park is given back into communities
• The buffer zone community forest
• Development projects from external organisations at the individual level

Question 28

What people are eligible for the 4 conservation benefits

Answer 28

All houses that fall within the buffer zone

Question 29

What do poor people gain from the programme

Answer 29

More support for machine donation and livestock