Karius Neurophysiology of Emotion

Question 1

The limbbic system controls what?

Answer 1

• emotional behavior: not just the experience of an emotion but what you do with it
• motivational drives: sex, eat, achieve things

Question 2

Hypothalamus is part of the…

why is it important?

what does it link?

Answer 2

• emotional aspect of limbic system
• enables us to interpret emotional experience
• links the physiological experience to the emotions (connection to ANS)

Question 3

Olfactory areas are important in emotion, why?

Answer 3

• olfaction and emotion are strongly linked

- parts of the limbic system deal with linking olfaction to emotion

Question 4

Thalamus relates to the limbic system how?

Answer 4

-inputs/outputs relaying things onward

Question 5

Basal ganglia, particularly nuclear accumbens plays a role in?

Answer 5

-pleasure

Question 6

Putamen plays a role in what emotion?

Answer 6

-digust

Question 7

Hippocampus plays a role in?

Answer 7

-memory/learning linked to emotions.

hard to remember drone lectures but we remember what upsets us

Question 8

Amygdala deals with?

and has a role in?

Answer 8

• anger and fear

- has a role in learning and memory

Question 9

Cingulate cortex is made of what?

important feature is?

Answer 9

-mostly paleocortex
-many of the neurons show after discharge
ie replaying an event in our heads and getting angry all over again and staying angry afterwards

Question 10

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness are all controlled by ________ neural substrates that are then integrated by other parts of the limbic system and interpreted as emotion

Answer 10

“separate”

Question 11

important point why?:
it appears that the neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others are also involved in producing that emotion in ourselves

Answer 11

-someone that cant recognize this in another person cant recognize it in themselves

Question 12

what is the mirror neuron system?

whats its use?

Answer 12

• neurons fire both when you do something (smile) and when you ses someone else do that same action
• useful in imitation learning

Question 13

describe 2 kinds of fear:

• Innate
• Learned

Answer 13

• innate (unconditioned) requiring no experience

- Learned (conditioned) from our life experiences

Question 14

What helps us learn from fear?

whats the early response
pathway?

Whats the late response pathway?

Answer 14

• amygdala
• early: direct thalamo-amygdaloid
• late: indirect thalamo-cortical-amygdaloid

Question 15

Inputs into the lateral nuclear of the amygdala come from what two sources?

Answer 15

-thalamus and the cortex

Question 16

The lateral nucleus of the amygdala does what?

Answer 16

• links input to emotional response

ie. pairing sound to electrical shock causing us to experience fear with future identical sounds

Question 17

The lateral nucleus sends paired information to what?

Answer 17

-central part of amygdala

Question 18

The amygdala send final paired information to the

Answer 18

-hypothalamus in orde to produce the physiological responses

Question 19

What if a person has damage to the amygdala?

Answer 19

-fear is not perceived, therefore conditioning related to fear does not occur

Question 20

Sadness involves what?

Answer 20

-lower sector of anterior cingulate cortex

ie that area lights up when remembering sad events

Question 21

Punishment and avoidance is found in what 3 places?

Answer 21

• lateral posterior hypothalamus
• dorsal midbrain
• entorhinal cortex

Question 22

what is the purpose and benefit of the punishment/avoidance centers?

long term?

short term?

Answer 22

• designed to oppose the occurrence of a behavior
• long term: negative consequences
• short term: neutral/positive consequences

Question 23

Gambling is an example of what?

Answer 23

short term: having fun and riding a hot streak gaining more money

long term: eventually losing all of our money and refusing to return to the casino

Question 24

The insular Cortex/Putamen process and recognize what?

Answer 24

-social cues related to disgust

Question 25

Damage to the insular Cortex/Putamen does what?

Answer 25

-abolishes the ability to recognize/experience disgust

Question 26

Huntingtons Disease does what?

What appears first?

Answer 26

• damages the Insular cortex/Putamen

- that sign appears before the other symptoms

Question 27

Anger and rage involve the what?

What are the receptors?

Answer 27

• Amygdala

- requires dopaminergic input acting at D2 receptors

Question 28

Going out and getting into bar fights could be a drugs side effect of?

Answer 28

-blocking dopaminergic D2 receptors inhibiting their ability to recognize/experience anger/rage

Question 29

What receptors are required to see/experience anger and rage?

Answer 29

D2 receptors

Question 30

Neocortex, Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, and Septal nuclei are all required to?

Answer 30

-inhibit anger/rage

Question 31

The Anterior Cingulate Cortex has what two parts?

Answer 31

ventral-affective region

dorsal-cognitive region

Question 32

The Anterior Cingulate Cortex does what?

Answer 32

-does not decide what to do but relays this information to the Pre-Frontal Cortex

Question 33

The-Pre Frontal Cortex has two divisions and does what?

Answer 33

-dorsolateral

-ventromedial: reward processing. I was gambling and I won.
our gut feeling is found here as well as delayed gratification, ie dont beat up boss and feel better doing something else later