Karius Learning and Memory: The Neural Substrate

Question 1

What is procedural memory?

Answer 1

learning to ride a bike and then riding the bike sometime later

Question 2

What are the anatomic substrates for procedural memory?

Answer 2

cerebellum—motor skills

Question 3

What is declarative memory and its two subforms?
episodic
semantic

Answer 3

memory you use when taking a test

episodic is remembering events

semantic is remembering of words, language, and rules

Question 4

production of memory and learning requires the induction of ____________

Answer 4

neuronal and synaptic plasticity

Question 5

what is plasticity?

Answer 5

CNS changes based on use

ie more/less synapses or new branches to cells

Question 6

what is the ion used in Post-tetanic stimulation? Build up of this causes release of what?

Answer 6

• Ca2+

- release of Ach

Question 7

Concerning presynaptic facilitation, what does 5HT do?

Answer 7

step 1 = 5HT causes release of cAMP and adenylyl cyclase

step 2 = causing a delay in depolarization in the next neuron (due to K+ channels)

step 3 = causing the prolonged release of more neurotransmitter

Question 8

What is the most important ion in long term potentiation?

Answer 8

calcium

Question 9

Whats the chain of vents in long term potentiation starting with calcium?

Answer 9

calcium–> calcineurin–>Activate NO–> NO is produced–>increases cGMP and NT release–>increased gene transcription of CREB–>structural change in memory cells

Question 10

Blocking protein synthesis can result in the blocking of______

Answer 10

making new memories and learning

Question 11

Your brain has infintie storage capacity. True/falseq

Answer 11

true

Question 12

3 anatomical substrate structures of short-term memory are

Answer 12

hippocampus
parahippocampal cortex
prefrontal cortex

Question 13

what links the amygdala and the neocortex?

Answer 13

nucleus basalis of Meynert

Question 14

what is the path to consolidated memory?

Answer 14

repeating the “Papez circuit”
of hypothalamuc–> anterior thalamus–> cingulate cortex–>Hippocampus

this is cemented during sleep
and we no longer need to limbic system to remember the thing

Question 15

where are memories stored?

Answer 15

in the frontal cortex?

Question 16

Long term memory requires what 3 structures?

Answer 16

Neocortex
Parahippocampal regions
hippocampus

Question 17

where are memories reconstructed?

Answer 17

from the parahippocampal cortex, memories are reconstructed in the hippocampus

Question 18

how are memories recalled?

Answer 18

through the parahippocampus to the cortex

Question 19

working memory is composed of what three components?

Answer 19

1- central executive
2- phonological loop
3- visuospatial loop

Question 20

Where are the following located:
Central executive

phonological loop

visuospatial loop

Answer 20

central = prefrontal cortex

phono = Brocas/Wernickes

Visuo = occipital cortex

Question 21

What are place cells?

Answer 21

in the hippocampus special pyrimidal cells in CA1 allowing detailed memory of a space