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COM Neuro > Karius Brain Arousal > Flashcards

Karius Brain Arousal Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of arousal

A

Being awake

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2
Q

Definition of awareness

A

Conscious processing of inputs

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3
Q

Coma description

A

Neither awake nor aware. Don’t see reproducible sleep and wake cycles

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4
Q

Persistent vegetative state characteristics

A

Has sleep/wake cycles but no evidence of awareness

have reflexes ex. If they hear a sound they will move head of if you put something in their hand they will grasp it but that’s just survival mechanism not awareness

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5
Q

Minimally conscious state definition

A

Clear periods of sleep/wake cycles, reproducible awareness (ability to respond to command), but are limited or absent in communication

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6
Q

Timeline of Consciousness

A

Coma –>Arousal/Wakefulness–> Awareness–> Alertness

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7
Q

Misconception about comatose state

A

That it results from cerebral cortices damage (which is true) but the damage must be massive

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8
Q

How does disruption of consciousness occur

A

Small lesions in the brain from brainstem, midbrain, hypothalamus (central area)

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9
Q

What happens if there is damage of the very lower brainstem

A

Disrupt breathing and cardiac systems

*not viable living condition

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10
Q

Role of brainstem and cortex in consciousness

A

Brainstem regions are critical for arousing the cortex

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11
Q

Can the cortex initiate arousal on it’s own?

A

No, it needs input from the brainstem for activation

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12
Q

What are the 5 arousal systems needed for full consciousness

A

EAA, Cholinergic, Noradrenergic, Serotonergic, Dopaminergic

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13
Q

Components of the EAA arousal system?

A

Reticular activating syste and parabrachial nuclei

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14
Q

Where is the EAA arousal system located

A

“Mid-ventral portion”- Pons and upper medulla

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15
Q

What is the RAS system

A

Loose collection of neurons and fibers in the EAA

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16
Q

Inputs to RAS

A

All ascending sensory tracts, trigeminal, auditory, visual

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17
Q

Where do all sensory inputs converge in RAS

A

On post-synaptic cell of RAS

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18
Q

What happens if there is sufficient synaptic convergence on the RAS

A

Modal specificity is lost

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19
Q

Modal Specificity Loss

A

Refers to different senses but not being able to identify those sense

Ex. Knowing that something landed on you but don’t know what

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20
Q

Two pathways of the RAS system

A

Dorsal pathway and ventral pathway

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21
Q

How is the dorsal pathway sent out (location)

A

Via non-specific nuclei of thalamus including intra laminar nucleus of the thalamus

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22
Q

Where does the dorsal pathway diffuse to?

A

All higher pathway levels (all over the cortex)

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23
Q

How is the ventral pathway sent out?

A

Via basal forebrain and hypothalamus

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24
Q

Where does the ventral pathway diffuse to?

A

All higher levels BUT bypasses the thalamus

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25
Q

Purpose of the dorsal and ventral pathways of RAS

A

To excite the cortical areas

26
Q

Function of parabrachial nuclei

A

Reinforce what the RAS is doing and are crucial for arousal and activation

27
Q

Where is the parabrachial nuclei located

A

Pons

28
Q

Outputs from parabrachial nuclei

A

Exclusively via the ventral pathway difference between parabrachial and RAS

29
Q

If I damage the thalamus then how does the EAA system response?

A

Since the parabrachial system bypasses the thalamus then the cortex will still get stimuli from the ventral pathway via the parabrachial system

30
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter utilized by RAS and parabrachial nuclei

A

EAA/Glutamate

31
Q

2 unique characteristics of RAS

A

RAS pathway has lots of interneurons, and has a part that releases Ach

32
Q

Baseline excitation to cortical activity

A

EAA system and cholinergic system

Gets cortical neurons close to threshold

33
Q

What cycle is possible with at least EAA

A

Sleep/wake cycle

34
Q

Cholinergic Nuclei

A

Pedunculopontine tegmental and lateral dorsal nuclei

35
Q

Major neurotransmitter for PPT/LDT

A

Ach but is superimposed with excitatory amino acid pathway

36
Q

Outputs of the PPT/LDT pathway

A

Dorsal and ventral pathway

37
Q

Where are the cholinergic inputs from?

A

Pons

38
Q

What is the role of the cholinergic system

A

Arousal and awareness

39
Q

What happens if there is damage specifically to the PPN/LDT system?

A

Produce severe cognitive deficits from slowing of cortical processes

*not necessarily coma

40
Q

Noradrenergic Arousal System

A

Locus Ceruleus

41
Q

Main purpose of Noradrenergic arousal system

A

To cause periodic awareness

42
Q

Outputs from the LC

A

Both ascending and descending

43
Q

Ascending pathway output from the LC uses…

A

Dorsal and ventral pathway with RAS

44
Q

What does the LC release

A

NE

45
Q

What do the ascending fibers from this group of cell become?

A

Dorsal Noradrenergic bundle

46
Q

Main function of the LC NA system

A

STARTLE and alerting response on EEG and behavioral vigilance
**very specific to LC

47
Q

Behavioral Vigilance

A

Trying to figure out what the f is going on

48
Q

What is the Serotonergic arousal system

A

Raphe nuclei

49
Q

Inputs for the Serotonergic raphe nuclei

A

Multiple – difficult to determine

50
Q

Outputs for Serotonergic raphe nuclei

A

Dorsal and ventral pathways

51
Q

Functions of the Serotonergic arousal system

A

Quiet awareness

52
Q

Dopaminergic arousal system location

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

53
Q

What functions does VTA provide input to?

A

Cognitive function, motor activity, emotion

54
Q

Dorsal Pathway

A

Arousal system send axons to thalamus –> synapse –> go to cortex

55
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

Arousal system axons sent straight to cortex –> synapse directly onto cortical neurons

56
Q

Thalamic Arousal System

A

From thalamus, signal is sent to entire cortex through EAA as neurotransmitter

57
Q

What to thalamus arousal system neurons interact with

A

Series of intra cortical neuron that release GABA

58
Q

Function of GABA in thalamic arousal system

A

Mediate the mass of excitatory cortical neurons by inhibitory effect

59
Q

Thalamic Arousal System during sleep

A

Thalami cortical neurons are hyperpolarized and show burst

*the hyper polarization cuts the cortex off from the excitatory influence during deepest sleep levels

60
Q

2 parts of consciousness

A

Arousal and awareness

COM Neuro (4 decks)

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