Kaplan Pgs 397-405 Statements And Confessions Flashcards

1
Q

What is an involuntary statement?

A

When police subject the suspect to coercive conduct that is sufficient to overcome his will, given his particular vulnerabilities and the conditions of the interrogation. This is subjective and done on a case by case basis

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2
Q

If a statement is made by a suspect of average intelligence that is comfortable in his surroundings, is that likely to be considered voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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3
Q

What are the four bases to exclude statements and confessions?

A
  • voluntariness approach
    – right to counsel approach
    – Miranda standard
    – fruits of illegal conduct
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4
Q
What are the constitutional bases for each of these approaches to exclude a statement or confession?
- voluntariness approach
– right to counsel approach
– Miranda standard
– fruits of illegal conduct
A
  • voluntariness approach: due process from the fifth and 14th
    – right to counsel approach: Sixth right to
    – Miranda standard: fifth privilege against self-incrimination
    – fruits of illegal conduct: fourth exclusionary rule
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5
Q

What does the voluntariness approach say for statements?

A

In order to be admissible a statement must be voluntarily made based on the totality of the circumstances

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6
Q

What is involved in the right to counsel approach to exclude statements and confessions?

A

If a statement is made during a critical stage of a criminal proceeding without an attorney present or a waiver, it is inadmissible

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7
Q

What is involved in the Miranda standard as a base to exclude statements and confessions?

A

If a statement is made without a Miranda warning during a custodial interrogation it is inadmissible

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8
Q

What is involved in the fruits of illegal conduct basis to exclude statements and confessions?

A

Even voluntary statements that is gotten as fruit of a prior illegal search or seizure is inadmissible

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9
Q

What are factors to determine if a statement was coerced?

A
- age
– sex
– education
– mental and physical health
– Physical abuse
- death threats
– promises of leniency
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10
Q

Do police have broad reign to trick and deceive a defendant during interrogation?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Although the police have broad reign to trick and deceive a defendant during interrogation, what are the things they cannot do?

A

Offer false promises of dropping charges in order to elicit a confession

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12
Q

If a defendant’s confession is coerced, can it be used at trial for direct evidence or impeachment?

A

No

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13
Q

If a confession was admitted at trial that ended up being involuntary, what happens?

A

It doesn’t result in automatic reversal, but instead the harmless error rule is applied. The government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the confession being entered into evidence did not contribute to the verdict of guilty

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14
Q

Once a suspect has invoked his sixth amendment right to counsel, can police continue to question him about other offences even if they are factually related to the charged crime?

A

Yes, because the sixth amendment is offence specific

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15
Q

If a suspect has invoked his sixth amendment right to counsel, when must counsel be present?

A

At all questioning until the accused waives the right

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16
Q

When someone asserts their sixth amendment right to counsel, what is not allowed?

A

Police deliberately eliciting incriminating statements from the defendant without his attorney present

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17
Q

If a police officer secretly records a suspect’s conversations while he’s out on bail, does that violate his right to counsel?

A

Yes

18
Q

Why is passive listening by a cell mate informant not a violation of the right to counsel?

A

Because it must be shown that the police and their informant took some action beyond just listening that was designed to deliberately elicit incriminating remarks

19
Q

What are the two things that can eliminate the privilege against self-incrimination?

A

If use or transactional immunity has been granted to the defendant

20
Q

Can immunized testimony be used to impeach a defendant?

A

No, but it can be used to prove perjury

21
Q

What does the Miranda test focus on?

A

The susceptibility of the suspect. If there are no objective indications of susceptibility, such as youth, then the police can talk in the presence of the suspect as long as they are not directly questioning him

22
Q

What is “custody“ under Miranda?

A

When the suspect has been significantly deprived of his freedom of movement and cannot leave

23
Q

What are objective factors to determine if a suspect is in custody for Miranda purposes?

A
  • when and where it happened
    – how long it lasted
    – how many police officers were present
    – what the officers and the defendant said and did
    – the presence of physical restraints or its equivalent like a drawn weapon or a guard at the door
    – if the defendant was being questioned as a suspect or a witness
24
Q

Do subjective factors matter in determining if custody has occurred for Miranda?

A

No all that matters is whether the suspect experienced a significant deprivation of freedom of movement from an objective perspective

25
Q

Is a Terry stop considered to be custodial so that Miranda warnings are required?

A

No

26
Q

If a taxpayer is being interrogated during a criminal investigation by the IRS, is that considered to be custodial interrogation?

A

No

27
Q

What are things that Miranda does not apply to?

A

Questions by the police regarding age, date of birth, height, weight, etc.

28
Q

If the police question a D about basic things about himself like his age, height, or birthday, and the response comes back slurred, is that admissible in a drunk driving case?

A

Yes

29
Q

When could the right to receive a Miranda warning be outweighed and thus Miranda would not be required?

A

If there is an immediate threat to the public safety

30
Q

If a statement is gotten by police in violation of Miranda, what happens?

A

It cannot be used in the prosecution’s case in chief, but it can be used to impeach the defendant’s testimony at trial

31
Q

Does a Miranda waiver have to be in writing?

A

No, but it does have to be voluntary, knowing, and intelligent

32
Q

Can a Miranda waiver be express or implied?

A

Yes, but it can’t usually be presumed from the defendant’s silence

33
Q

If someone that is mentally disabled waives his Miranda warnings, when would the waiver not can be considered proper?

A

If the disability was such that the defendant couldn’t understand the meaning of the warnings

34
Q

What are the two things that bring an interrogation to an immediate halt?

A
  • if the defendant requests an attorney

– if the defendant states that he wishes to remain silent

35
Q

If a defendant wishes to terminate an interrogation and explicitly says so, what is the rule?

A

That request must be scrupulously honoured

36
Q

If a defendant wishes to terminate an interrogation and the police do so, when can they resume question?

A

After a significant time has elapsed and they have given fresh Miranda warnings

37
Q

Once a suspect has been released from interrogative custody, how long do the police have to wait to speak to him if he has invoked his Miranda rights to counsel?

A

14 days

38
Q

Does a suspect invoke his right to remain silent by just not answering questions?

A

No, he must do this unambiguously

39
Q

Do Miranda warnings need to be repeated if there is a short break in interrogation or a new police agent begins questioning?

A

No

40
Q

When will a lineup, show up, or photo identification be considered inadmissible?

A

If it violates due process because it was unnecessarily suggestive and likely to produce an irreparable mistaken identification

41
Q

Describe an example of when a due process violation would apply for a pre-indictment intent identification?

A

If a defendant was 6 inches taller than all the other suspects in the lineup, the only one wearing clothes similar to the thief, and the only one to appear in a second lineup