Kap 10: Prosocial Behaviour Flashcards
Empathy
The experience of understanding or sharing the emotional state of another person.
Helping behaviour
Actions that are intended to provide some benefit to or improve the well-being of others.
Prosocial Behaviour
Refers to behaviour defined by society as beneficial to other people; it excludes behaviour that is motivated by professional obligations, and may be driven by more selfish (egoistic) and/or more selfless (altruistic) motivations.
Altruism
Refers to behaviour carried out to benefit other without anticipation of external rewards; it is driven by exclusively empathic motivation.
Negative-state-relief model
This model argues that human beings have an innate drive to reduce their own negative moods; helping behaviour can elevate mood - thus in this model people help for egoistic rather than altruistic reasons.
Empathic concern
An emotional state consisting of emotions such as compassion, warmth and concern for another person.
Bystander effect
Refers to the phenomenon whereby the likelihood of any one person helping in an emergency situation decreases as the number of other bystander increases.
Diffusion of responsibility
The process by which responsibility is divided between the number of bystanders present; as more people are present in an emergency, responsibility is diffused between them and each individual bystander feels increasingly less responsibe than if they were alone.
Pluralistic ignorance
Emergency bystanders look to others in reacting to the event; as each person fails to react, they look at nonreacting bystanders, and interpret the event as not requiring a response.
Audience inhibition
The experience of individual bystanders whose behaviour can be seen by other bystanders. In an emergency bystanders may fear embarrassment by their actions, resulting in lower likelihood of them helping.
Evaluation apprehension
A learned response to the presence of others when performing a task, whereby the performer experiences arousal when anticipating evaluation by these others (can affect social facilitation, and also helping behaviour).
Self-efficacy
Beliefs about one’s ability to carry out certain actions required to attain a specific goal (e.g., that one is capable of following a diet, or to help someone).
Arousal: cost-reward model
Suggests that observing an emergency creates a sense of arousal in the bystander, which becomes increasingly unpleasant. Bystander responds by considering costs and rewards of helping or not helping.
Impulsive helping
Immediate, non-deliberative form of helping that does not appear to involve a conscious decision-making process, and in which the helper does not attend to the presence of other bystanders.
Common ingroup identity model
This model seeks to reduce bias between groups by changing the nature of categorization from ingroups versus outgroups to a single, more inclusive identity. The model harnesses the forces of ingroup favouratism to reduce bias and promote helping.
