Aggression

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

Any form of behaviour intended to harm or injure another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.

Question 2

Intimate partner violence

Answer 2

Perpetration or threat of an act of physical violence within the context of a dating or marital relationship.

Question 3

Bullying

Answer 3

Denotes aggressive behaviour directed at victims who cannot easily defend themselves, typically in schools and at the workplace.

Question 4

Terrorism

Answer 4

Politically motivated violence, intended to spread fear and terror among members of a society in order to influence the decision-making or behaviour of political agents.

Question 5

Vad karaktäriserar aggressivt beteende?

Answer 5

1. Aggressivt beteende karaktäriseras av ett underliggande motiv (att skada en annan levande varelse), inte av dess konsekvenser (huruvida skada faktiskt förekom eller ej).
2. Förståelsen att ens beteende/agerande kan komma att orsaka en annan persons lidande.
3. Ett beteende definieras som aggressivt när offret vill undvika att bli utsatt för det.

Question 6

Violence

Answer 6

Behaviours carried out with intention to cause serious harm that involve the use or threat of physical force.

Question 7

Direct aggression

Answer 7

Aggressive behaviour directed immediately at the target, such as hitting or shouting abuse.

Question 8

Indirect aggression

Answer 8

Aggression delivered behind the target person’s back by damaging the target’s peer relationships, e.g., through spreading rumours.

Question 9

Relational aggression

Answer 9

Behaviour that is intended to harm the target person through damaging his or her social relationships, for example negative comments behind the person’s back.

Question 10

Instrumental aggression

Answer 10

Aggressive behaviour performed to reach a particular goal, as a means to and end.

Question 11

Hostile aggression

Answer 11

Aggressive behaviour motivated by the desire to express anger and hostile feelings.

Question 12

Media violence-aggression link

Answer 12

Hypothesis that exposure to violent media contents makes media users more aggressive.

Question 13

Aggression Questionnaire (AQ)

Answer 13

Self-report instrument to measure stable individual differences in trait aggressiveness.

Question 14

Sexual aggression

Answer 14

Forcing another person into sexual activities through a range of coercive strategies, such as threat or use of physical force, exploitation of the victim’s inability to resist, or verbal pressure.

Question 15

Peer nominations

Answer 15

Method for measuring (aggressive) behaviour by asking other people (e.g., classmates) to rate the aggressiveness of an individual.

Question 16

Steam boiler model

Answer 16

Part of Konrad Lorenz’s theory of aggression, assuming that aggressive energy is produced continuously within the organism and will burst out spontaneously unless released by external stimulus.

Question 17

Hormones

Answer 17

Higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of cortisol have been linked to aggression, but they need to be considered in combination with environmental influences.

Question 18

Physical aggression

Answer 18

Behaviour that is intended to inflict physical harm on the target person.

Question 19

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 19

Assumes that frustration - that is, blockage of a goal-directed activity - increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour.

Question 20

Displaced aggression

Answer 20

Tendency to respond to frustration with an aggressive response directed not at the original source of the frustration but at an unrelated, more easily accessible target.

Question 21

Aggressive cues

Answer 21

Situational cues with an aggressive meaning that increase the accessibility of aggressive cognitions.

Question 22

Weapons effect

Answer 22

Finding that individuals who were previously frustrated showed more aggressive behaviour in the presence of weapons than in the presence of neutral objects.

Question 23

Cognitive neo-associationist model

Answer 23

Explains aggressive behaviour as the results of negative affect that is subjected to cognitive processing and activates a network of aggression-related thoughts and feelings.

Question 24

Excitation transfer theory

Answer 24

Transfer of neutral physiological arousal onto arousal resulting from frustration, thus augmenting negative affect and enhancing the strength of an aggressive response.

Question 25

Direct reinforcement

Answer 25

Experience of positive consequences of aggressive behaviour (e.g., status gain among peers) that increases the probability of future aggressive acts.

Question 26

Aggressive scripts

Answer 26

Cognitive representation of when and how to show aggressive behaviour.

Question 27

General Aggression Model (GAM)

Answer 27

Integrative framework explaining how personal and situational input variables lead to aggressive behaviour via cognitive appraisal and negative affective arousal.

Question 28

Trait aggressiveness

Answer 28

Denotes stable differences between individuals in the likelihood and intensity of aggressive behaviour.

Question 29

Hostile attribution bias

Answer 29

Tendency to attribute hostile intentions to a person who has caused damage when it’s unclear whether or not the damage was caused accidentally or on purpose.

Question 30

Modelling

Answer 30

Learning by imitation, observing a model being rewarded or punished for his or her behaviour.

Question 31

Heat hypothesis

Answer 31

Hypothesis that aggression increases with higher temperatures.

Question 32

Geographic regions approach

Answer 32

Method for testing the heat hypothesis by comparing violence rates in cooler and hotter climates.

Question 33

Time periods approach

Answer 33

Method for testing the heat hypothesis by comparing violence rates in the same region during cooler and hotter periods.

Question 34

Habituation

Answer 34

Process whereby the ability of a stimulus to elicit arousal becomes weaker with each consecutive presentation.

Question 35

Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS)

Answer 35

Instrument för measuring intimate partner violence by collecting self-reports of perpetration and/or victimization.

Question 36

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 36

Characteristic patterns of symptoms observed in survivors of traumatic experiences such as rape.

Question 37

Mobbing

Answer 37

Aggressive behaviour involving a power differential between perpetrators and victims, i.e., directed at victims who cannot easily defend themselves, typically studied in schools and the workplace.

Question 38

Cyber bullying

Answer 38

Involves the use of modern technology, such as computers, mobile phones or other electronic devices to inflict intentional harm on others.

Question 39

Interpersonal aggression

Answer 39

Aggressive behaviour between individuals rather than groups.

Question 40

Intergroup aggression

Answer 40

Aggressive encounters between groups or aggression based on group membership rather than individual characteristics, such as football hooliganism.

Question 41

Collective violence

Answer 41

Instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group against another group in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives.

Question 42

Staircase model

Answer 42

Describes the pathway to terrorism as a succession of steps explaining why out of large numbers of disaffected people in a society only very few end up committing terrorist acts.

Question 43

Catharsis

Answer 43

Release of aggressive tension through symbolic engagement in aggressive behaviour.