Aggression Flashcards
Aggression
Any form of behaviour intended to harm or injure another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.
Intimate partner violence
Perpetration or threat of an act of physical violence within the context of a dating or marital relationship.
Bullying
Denotes aggressive behaviour directed at victims who cannot easily defend themselves, typically in schools and at the workplace.
Terrorism
Politically motivated violence, intended to spread fear and terror among members of a society in order to influence the decision-making or behaviour of political agents.
Vad karaktäriserar aggressivt beteende?
- Aggressivt beteende karaktäriseras av ett underliggande motiv (att skada en annan levande varelse), inte av dess konsekvenser (huruvida skada faktiskt förekom eller ej).
- Förståelsen att ens beteende/agerande kan komma att orsaka en annan persons lidande.
- Ett beteende definieras som aggressivt när offret vill undvika att bli utsatt för det.
Violence
Behaviours carried out with intention to cause serious harm that involve the use or threat of physical force.
Direct aggression
Aggressive behaviour directed immediately at the target, such as hitting or shouting abuse.
Indirect aggression
Aggression delivered behind the target person’s back by damaging the target’s peer relationships, e.g., through spreading rumours.
Relational aggression
Behaviour that is intended to harm the target person through damaging his or her social relationships, for example negative comments behind the person’s back.
Instrumental aggression
Aggressive behaviour performed to reach a particular goal, as a means to and end.
Hostile aggression
Aggressive behaviour motivated by the desire to express anger and hostile feelings.
Media violence-aggression link
Hypothesis that exposure to violent media contents makes media users more aggressive.
Aggression Questionnaire (AQ)
Self-report instrument to measure stable individual differences in trait aggressiveness.
Sexual aggression
Forcing another person into sexual activities through a range of coercive strategies, such as threat or use of physical force, exploitation of the victim’s inability to resist, or verbal pressure.
Peer nominations
Method for measuring (aggressive) behaviour by asking other people (e.g., classmates) to rate the aggressiveness of an individual.
Steam boiler model
Part of Konrad Lorenz’s theory of aggression, assuming that aggressive energy is produced continuously within the organism and will burst out spontaneously unless released by external stimulus.
Hormones
Higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of cortisol have been linked to aggression, but they need to be considered in combination with environmental influences.
Physical aggression
Behaviour that is intended to inflict physical harm on the target person.
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Assumes that frustration - that is, blockage of a goal-directed activity - increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour.
Displaced aggression
Tendency to respond to frustration with an aggressive response directed not at the original source of the frustration but at an unrelated, more easily accessible target.
Aggressive cues
Situational cues with an aggressive meaning that increase the accessibility of aggressive cognitions.
Weapons effect
Finding that individuals who were previously frustrated showed more aggressive behaviour in the presence of weapons than in the presence of neutral objects.
Cognitive neo-associationist model
Explains aggressive behaviour as the results of negative affect that is subjected to cognitive processing and activates a network of aggression-related thoughts and feelings.
Excitation transfer theory
Transfer of neutral physiological arousal onto arousal resulting from frustration, thus augmenting negative affect and enhancing the strength of an aggressive response.
Direct reinforcement
Experience of positive consequences of aggressive behaviour (e.g., status gain among peers) that increases the probability of future aggressive acts.
Aggressive scripts
Cognitive representation of when and how to show aggressive behaviour.
General Aggression Model (GAM)
Integrative framework explaining how personal and situational input variables lead to aggressive behaviour via cognitive appraisal and negative affective arousal.
Trait aggressiveness
Denotes stable differences between individuals in the likelihood and intensity of aggressive behaviour.
Hostile attribution bias
Tendency to attribute hostile intentions to a person who has caused damage when it’s unclear whether or not the damage was caused accidentally or on purpose.
Modelling
Learning by imitation, observing a model being rewarded or punished for his or her behaviour.
Heat hypothesis
Hypothesis that aggression increases with higher temperatures.
Geographic regions approach
Method for testing the heat hypothesis by comparing violence rates in cooler and hotter climates.
Time periods approach
Method for testing the heat hypothesis by comparing violence rates in the same region during cooler and hotter periods.
Habituation
Process whereby the ability of a stimulus to elicit arousal becomes weaker with each consecutive presentation.
Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS)
Instrument för measuring intimate partner violence by collecting self-reports of perpetration and/or victimization.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Characteristic patterns of symptoms observed in survivors of traumatic experiences such as rape.
Mobbing
Aggressive behaviour involving a power differential between perpetrators and victims, i.e., directed at victims who cannot easily defend themselves, typically studied in schools and the workplace.
Cyber bullying
Involves the use of modern technology, such as computers, mobile phones or other electronic devices to inflict intentional harm on others.
Interpersonal aggression
Aggressive behaviour between individuals rather than groups.
Intergroup aggression
Aggressive encounters between groups or aggression based on group membership rather than individual characteristics, such as football hooliganism.
Collective violence
Instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group against another group in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives.
Staircase model
Describes the pathway to terrorism as a succession of steps explaining why out of large numbers of disaffected people in a society only very few end up committing terrorist acts.
Catharsis
Release of aggressive tension through symbolic engagement in aggressive behaviour.
