kahoot questions Flashcards
Which fiber types transmit information on pain and temperature?
- C fibers
- Abeta fibers
- Adelta fibers
- Ia fibers
Adelta (poorly- myelinated) & C fibers (unmyelinated)
Abeta = Touch (Merkel, …)
Ia fibers = Proprioception (Muscle spindle)
True or False?
In dissociated sensory loss, nociception remains intact while mechanosensory perception is lost.
False
both remain partly intact, depending on where
Which ion is the main substrate for TRP ion channels?
Ca2+
Which is the main source for top-down pain modulation?
- somatosensory cortex
- amygdala
- periaqueductal gray
- spinal dorsal horn
periaqueductal gray
Which is the most prevalent mechanoreceptor in human skin?
- Meissner corpuscles
- Ruffini corpuscles
- Merkel cells
- Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner corpuscles (40%)
Merkel cells (25%), Ruffini corpuscles (20%), Pacinian corpuscles (10-15%)
Inhibitory cortical interneurons make up what mean percentage of the overall cortical neuron count?
25%
Which ganglionic eminence(s) produce(s) cortical interneurons?
- Medial ganglionic eminence
- Caudal ganglionic eminence
- Lateral ganglionic eminence
- Rostral ganglionic eminence
- Medial ganglionic eminence
- Caudal ganglionic eminence
Which interneuron type is particularly effective in suppressing target cell output?
- Chandelier cell
- Martinotti cell
- Non-Martinotti cell
- Translaminar cell
Chandelier cell
Put the developmental stages of interneurons in correct order!
- Radial migration through the layers
- Migration towards the cortex
- Neurogenesis in ganglionic eminence
- Tangential migration through the cortex
- Neurogenesis in ganglionic eminence
- Migration towards the cortex
- Tangential migration through the cortex
- Radial migration through the layers
True or False?
Roughly a third of all interneurons undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) after settling in the cortex.
True
Sort the steps a BCI takes when operating with the first step on top and the last step at the bottom of the list!
- Feature translation
- Signal acquisition
- Device output and feedback
- Feature extraction
- Signal acquisition
- Feature extraction
- Feature translation
- Device output and feedback
What pathway is primarily active when flexing an arm muscle?
- Corticobulbar pathway
- Corticospinal pathway
Corticospinal pathway
Corticobulbar pathway controls muscles of face, head and neck.
Name a possible feature that could be derived from a modality of signal acquisition!
- amplitude of ERP
- frequency of ERP
- frequency power spectra (e.g. sensorimotor rhythms)
- firing rates of individual cortical neurons
True or False?
Every BCI requires a translation algorithm that translates already extracted and processed data.
False
Not all BCIs require it (e.g. artificial neural networks)
True or False?
The stimulation of a single motor neuron in primary motor cortex elicits activity only in a single correspondent muscle.
False
Which hormone levels lead to temporary increase in hippocampal volume?
- High estrogen, low progesterone
- Low estrogen, low progesterone
- High estrogen, high progesterone
- Low estrogen, high progesterone
High estrogen, low progesterone
True or False?
There is consensus on the role of estrogen on memory.
False
Which of the following is not a symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder according to the DSM-5?
- Moodiness
- Hot flashes
- Acne
- Stomach cramps
hot flashes
Choose the correct statements!
- Progesterone decreases anxiety.
- Estrogen improves mood.
- Cortisol reactivity decreases in the luteal phase.
- Amygdala activity increases in the luteal phase.
- Progesterone decreases anxiety.
- Estrogen improves mood.
- Amygdala activity increases in the luteal phase.
Which of the following is not a phase of the menstrual cycle?
- Fovear phase
- Luteal phase
- Follicular phase
- Ovulation
Fovear phase
Which of the following eye movements fulfill the function of shifting gaze?
- Vergence
- Saccade
- vestibulo-ocular movements
- smooth pursuit
- Vergence
- Saccade
- smooth pursuit
vestibulo-ocular movements and optokinetic reflex for stabilizing gaze
True or False?
Abduction and adduction are executed by the superior and inferior rectus muscles.
False
by medial and lateral rectus muscle
Which of the following cranial nerves innervate muscles of the ipsilateral eye?
- oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV)
- optic (II) and abducens (VI)
- trochlear (IV) and abducens (VI)
- oculomotor (III) and abducens (VI)
oculomotor (III) and abducens (VI)
During a saccade to the left, which of the following structures are activated?
- left lateral rectus muscle
- right abducens nucleus
- right oculomotor nucleus
- left medullary reticular formation
- left lateral rectus muscle
- right oculomotor nucleus
- left medullary reticular formation
True or False?
We can orient our eyes in response to an auditory stimulus due to topographically organized maps in the superior colliculus.
True
Which of the following processes are part of the amyloid cascade?
- Cleavage of APP by alpha-secretases and gamma-secretase
- Excessive accumulation of Abeta peptides
- Disruption of normal synaptic transmission
- Cleavage of APP by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase
- Excessive accumulation of Abeta peptides
- Disruption of normal synaptic transmission
- Cleavage of APP by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase
True or False?
Injections with an Abeta-based antigen are an example of passive immunotherapy against Abeta.
False
passive immunotherapy: injection of antibodies or cytokines
Aducanumab mainly binds to …
- APP
- Monomers
- Oligomers
- Soluble monomers
Oligomers
Which of the following was the most common adverse event reported in the phase 3 trials EMERGE and ENGAGE?
- ARIA-H microhemorrhage
- Headache
- ARIA-E
- Nasopharyngitis
ARIA-E
True or False?
Aducanumab received accelerated FDA-approval due to beneficial effect on cognitive decline in MCI or mild dementia.
False
no clear link bw achieved reduction in Aβ plaques & cog.
improvement
Which of the following is not a feature of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis?
- Decreased Firmicutes species in gut
- Increased GABA in CNS
- Highly active microglia
- Chronic secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in the gut
increased GABA in CNS
True or False?
The release of lipopolysaccharides in the gut induces blood-brain barrier permeability.
True
What percentage of overall serotonin and GABA are produced in the gut, respectively?
- 75% of serotonin, 20% of GABA
- 50% of serotonin, 95% of GABA
- 90% of serotonin, 50% of GABA
- 10% of serotonin, 60% of GABA
90% of serotonin, 50% of GABA
Choose all the correct statements regarding Ghrelin.
- Ghrelin induces weight gain.
- Ghrelin receptors are expressed in the CNS.
- Ghrelin level decrease causes depression.
- Ghrelin is implicated in hippocampal neurogenesis.
- Ghrelin induces weight gain.
- Ghrelin receptors are expressed in the CNS.
- Ghrelin is implicated in hippocampal neurogenesis.
True or False?
Improved sanitation in early life has been shown to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
True
Order events leading to Alzheimer’s disease according to gut-brain connections.
- Leaky blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation
- Increased gut inflammation and leaky gut
- Amyloid plaque aggregation
- Gut dysbiosis
- Gut dysbiosis
- Increased gut inflammation and leaky gut
- Leaky blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation
- Amyloid plaque aggregation
True or False?
A feedforward control system needs a representation of the system’s internal state.
True
According to the UCT theory, what is the cognitive outcome of cerebellar damage called?
- Dystonia of thought
- Ataxia of thought
- Dysmetria of thought
- Arrhythmia of thought
Dysmetria of thought
According to the Guell, Hoche & Schmahmann (2014) paper, what did patients with dysmetria of thought find difficult?
- Understanding a new sentence
- Constructing a new sentence given context constraints
- Evaluating the syntactic correctness of a sentence
- Constructing a new sentence by inferring it from context
Constructing a new sentence by inferring it from context
True or False?
The cerebellar output to the basal ganglia is thought to preferentially influence the direct pathway.
False
Put in correct order: How does the indirect pathway unfold?
- GPi (and SNr)
- striatum
- GPe
- STN
- striatum
- GPe
- STN
- GPi (and SNr)
Which part of the (pre)frontal cortex and basal ganglia are most involved in error-type learning?
- Ventromedial PFC and ventromedial striatum
- Dorsolateral PFC and putamen
- Premotor cortex and ventromedial striatum
- Orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum
Ventromedial PFC and ventromedial striatum
What is not a theme of taboo words?
- Sex
- Excrement
- Body parts
- Pain
Pain
Order the “rage circuit” pathway!
- Gray matter of midbrain
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- Gray matter of midbrain
Which of these does not increase the strength of an EMG signal?
- Closer proximity of the muscle to the skin
- Closer proximity of the electrode to the muscle
- Fat tissue layers between the electrode and the muscle
- Higher contraction of the muscle
Fat tissue layers between the electrode and the muscle
EOG, ECG, EMG, EEG, or respiratory signal?
respiratory signal
EOG, ECG, EMG, EEG, or respiratory signal?
EOG
EOG, ECG, EMG, EEG, or respiratory signal?
ECG
EOG, ECG, EMG, EEG, or respiratory signal?
EMG
EOG, ECG, EMG, EEG, or respiratory signal?
EEG
Vertical eye movement artifacts can maximally affect which electrodes?
- FP1-FP2
- FP3-FP4
- TZ-T4
- P6-P7
FP1-FP2
Which term refers to the number of oscillations?
- Phase
- Superimposition
- Amplitude
- Frequency
Frequency
Which of the following is not a possible treatment for narcolepsy-cataplexy?
- Stimulants
- Benzodiazepines
- Antidepressants
- Sodium oxybate
Benzodiazepines
Which brain waves are observed during NRM sleep, stage 3?
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
- Delta
Delta
Which one of the following statements is NOT true for DMN?
- It houses a dense expression of 5-HT2A receptors.
- DMN resting state FC correlates negatively with ratings of internal depressive rumination.
- One of its primary functions is instantiating metacognition.
- It is considered to be the physical counterpart of the narrative self or the “ego”.
DMN resting state FC correlates negatively with ratings of internal depressive rumination.
Which one of the following is NOT a direct neurobiological/psychological consequence associated with psilocybin?
- The repertoire of inter-regional and between-network FC is expanded.
- Within network activity in higher-order association cortices appears to be acutely reduced.
- Precision weighting of previous beliefs (i.e., priors) is relaxed.
- Neural connectivity and network activity becomes more modular.
Neural connectivity and network activity becomes more modular.
What are the key mechanisms that underlie psilocybin’s antidepressant effects?
- Increased, dynamic network flexibility across the trans-model regions of the brain
- Its generalized affinity towards 5HT-1A receptors on deep pyramidal cells
- A perturbed DMN functional connectivity linked to the dissolution of the “ego”
- A decoupling between DMN and other association networks such as EN and SN
- Increased, dynamic network flexibility across the trans-model regions of the brain
- A perturbed DMN functional connectivity linked to the dissolution of the “ego”
Write down a major hub in DMN!
- mPFC, PCC, precuneus, angular gyrus
Which neurotransmitter does psilocin’s chemical makeup resemble the most?
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
- GABA
Serotonin
Through which of these mediators does psilocin modulate neuroplasticity?
- Nerve growth factor
- C-fos
- Ependymin
- L-dopa
- BDNF
- C-fos
- BDNF
True or False?
One can develop (physical) substance dependence to psilocin.
False
Which of the following is not a type of neuroplasticity?
- homologous area adaptation
- distal attribution
- map expansion
- cross-modal reassignment
distal attribution
Which of the following statements is false?
- Crossmodal plasticity explains unsuccessful results after retinal implantation.
- Changes in connectivity with the thalamus may cause cross-modal plasticity.
- TVSS by Paul Bach-y-Rita was the first sensory substitution device.
- V1 in the blind is recruited for touch due to compensatory plasticity.
V1 in the blind is recruited for touch due to compensatory plasticity.
How do the cortical maps rapidly change in response to amputation?
- sprouting of axonal collaterals
- synaptic proliferation
- activation of redundant/dormant connections
- wishful thinking
- sprouting of axonal collaterals
- activation of redundant/dormant connections
True or False?
The neuromatrix of pain accurately, and completely, defines PLP.
False
What do cross-modal plasticity and map expansion have in common?
- They are both ways the brain responds to injury.
- They can be related to learning or enhancing cognitive capacities.
- They both happen only at youth in critical periods.
- They only happen at M1.
- They are both ways the brain responds to injury.
- They can be related to learning or enhancing cognitive capacities.
Which factors influence our perception of time?
- Emotion
- Attention
- Novelty
- Sensory change
all
True or False?
Dopamine neuron activity reflects and can directly control the judgement of time.
True
Put the biological rhythms/timings in the right order (from longer to shorter?
- Ultradian
- Millisecond
- Interval
- Circadian
- Circadian
- Ultradian
- Interval
- Millisecond
Which of the following is not true about the development of time perception in infants and children?
- Explicit time judgement is related to maturation of fronto-striatal systems
- infants develop circadian rhythms within the first months after birth
- children between 1-3 years can make both implicit and explicit time judgements
- 10-month old infants can detect offsets in timing of repetetive stimuli
children between 1-3 years can make both implicit and explicit time judgements
Which of these areas is not involved in time perception?
- Cerebellum
- Basal ganglia
- prefrontal cortex
- brain stem
brain stem
What is not true about Pain Perception?
- The Placebo effect can be blocked by opioid antagonists.
- Top-down modulation of pain refers to the exclusively intracortical mechanism of pain modulation.
- A-delta and C-fibers ascend contralaterally.
- Fast pain fibers aren’t really that fast.
Top-down-modulation of pain refers to the exclusively intracortical mechanism of pain modulation.
Which statement about the top-down modulation of pain is correct?
- Patients have to be tricked into believing in a placebo substance for it to work.
- A major node of top-down pain modulation is the cerebellum.
- Top-down pain modulation ensures that comparable nociceptive stimuli are subjectively perceived as being equal.
- Top-down pain modulation relies on endogenous opioids and ca be diminished or abolished by opioid antagonists.
Top-down pain modulation relies on endogenous opioids and ca be diminished or abolished by opioid antagonists.
What is true about interneurons?
- They are known for their long axons, connecting different brain parts.
- They originate in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences.
- They start to migrate as neuroblast in the ventricular zone.
- make up 30-40% of the total neuron population.
They originate in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences.
Which statement about interneurons is false?
- Some interneurons are excitatory.
- Interneurons can be classified as belonging to one of three mayor subtypes (parvalbumin-posititve, PV+; somatostatin-positive, SST+; serotonin-receptor expressing, 5HTR3s).
- Interneurons are produced within the ganglionic eminences and migrate towards the nascent cortex.
- 30-40 % of interneurons originally produced will undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) during development.
Some interneurons are excitatory.
Which statement is not true about premotor areas?
- They integrate information about circumstances and intention.
- Some Neurons in the SMA project directly to muscle fibers.
- They are part of the frontal cortex.
- They fire at cue perception in conditioned tasks.
Some Neurons in the SMA project directly to muscle fibers.
What do Brain-Computer Interfaces do?
- BCIs measure CNS activity and convert it into a device command.
- BCIs improve natural CNS output.
- BCIs skip the corticospinal track and mimic the CNS.
- All of the above.
All of the above.
Which statement about the lower / second-order motor neurons is correct?
- Lower motor neurons are localized in the dorsal part of the spinal cord.
- Lower motor neurons are used as a common source for brain-computer interface (BCI) signal acquisition.
- There is a horizontal topography within spinal cord segments, with medial lower motor neurons innervating proximal muscles and lateral lower motor neurons innervating distal muscles.
- Approximately 5 % of all lower motor neurons are so-called giant Betz cells.
There is a horizontal topography within spinal cord segments, with medial lower motor neurons innervating proximal muscles and lateral lower motor neurons innervating distal muscles.
How does the performance of emotion recognition tasks change within the menstrual cycle?
- Accuracy is lower during the follicular phase, especially for sad faces.
- Accuracy is lower during the follicular phase, but responses elicit faster.
- Accuracy is higher during the follicular phase compared to responses in the luteal phase.
- Accuracy is highest during the ovulation phase.
- Accuracy is higher during the follicular phase compared to responses in the luteal phase.
Which statement about neuroimaging findings regarding the menstrual cycle is correct?
- The volume of the amygdala increases significantly just prior to ovulation.
- Hippocampal gray matter volume has been found to increase in the late follicular phase.
- Reactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to emotional stimuli was reduced during the luteal phase.
- Activity in areas associated with executive functions (e.g., middle and superior frontal gyri) is unaffected by the menstrual cycle.
Hippocampal gray matter volume has been found to increase in the late follicular phase.
Which of the following structures is of particular importance for the production of saccadic eye movements?
- superior colliculus
- anterior thalamus
- orbitofrontal cortex
- nucleus basalis Meynert
superior colliculus
Activity in which of the following is necessary for a saccade to the right?
- right rostral interstitial nucleus
- left medial rectus muscle
- right trochlear nucleus
- all of the above
left medial rectus muscle
Which statement about anti-β-amyloid (anti-Aβ) treatment in Alzheimer’s disease is false?
- Immunization can be either active or passive.
- Clinical trials in humans have, so far, yielded mixed results.
- Aducanumab animal trials have shown a reduction in Aβ-plaque levels.
- The majority of immunotherapy trials utilize polyclonal antibodies.
The majority of immunotherapy trials utilize polyclonal antibodies.
What is Aducanumab’s hypothesised mechanism of action?
- Vaccination with Aducanumab elicits production of anti-Aβ antibodies.
- Aducanumab prevents the formation of ARIA-E and ARIA-H.
- Aducanumab binds to Aβ-oligomers and stimulates microglia to clear Aβ-plaques.
- Aducanumab is a gene therapy treatment that substitutes APOE-ε4 with APOE-ε2.
Aducanumab binds to Aβ-oligomers and stimulates microglia to clear Aβ-plaques.
Why does the consumption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) lead to an increase of cognitive functions and learning?
- They promote the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
- They elevate the expression of BDNF and NMDA receptors.
- They activate the proliferation of Microglia.
- They promote the intestinal functions via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
They elevate the expression of BDNF and NMDA receptors.
Which glia cell was reported to be particularly susceptible to experimental changes of the gut microbiota (e.g., showed lack of maturation and responsiveness in germ-free mice)?
- Microglia
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Ependymocytes
Microglia
Which of the following comparisons of cerebellum and cerebrum is correct?
- The cerebellum is larger than the cerebrum.
- The density of cerebral neurons is higher than the density of cerebellar neurons.
- The cerebellum contains more neurons than the cerebrum.
- Cytoarchitecture (cellular arrangement) is more homogenous in the cerebral cortex than in the cerebellar cortex.
The cerebellum contains more neurons than the cerebrum.
How does the cerebellum’s indirect pathway unfold?
- Striatum => GPi => STN => GPe => Thalamus
- Striatum => GPe => STN => GPi => Thalamus
- Striatum => STN => GPi => GPe => Thalamus
- Striatum => GPe => GPi => STN => Thalamus
Striatum => GPe => STN => GPi => Thalamus
Which statement about the Cerebellum is true?
- It has a similar anatomy as the cortex, with different parts of the cerebral neocortex having a different amount of layers.
- Its main function in motor control is the relaying of feedback back to the cortex
- According to the dysemtria of-thought hypothesis it plays a key role in motor, cognitive and emotional processing.
- Damage to the cerebellum can lead to dysmetria of thought, which is also called motor ataxia.
According to the Dysemtria-of-Thought Hypothesis it plays a key role in motor, cognitive and emotional processing.
What is not true about Tourette syndrome?
- Coprolalia and copropraxia are the most common symptoms of Tourette syndrome.
- A dysfunction of the cortico-striato-thalamo circuits is thought to play a key role.
- The dopaminergic system is compromised in Tourette syndrome.
- The symptoms often subside in late adolscence.
Coprolalia and copropraxia are the most common symptoms of Tourette syndrome.
Activity in which brain regions is strongly associated with spontaneous swearing?
- pineal gland
- left hemisphere and the basal ganglia
- cerebellum and the limbic system
- right hemisphere and the limbic system
right hemisphere and the limbic system
What is not true about EEG?
- The international 10-20 system is used to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes during EEG studies.
- EEG has poor temporal resolution and good spatial resolution.
- Eye movements, muscle activity, heartbeat and sweating are biological artefacts of EEG.
- Brain waves are distinguished on the basis of frequency.
EEG has poor temporal resolution and good spatial resolution.
Which sleep stage is also referred to as “slow-wave sleep” (SWS) and characterized by a high percentage of delta waves?
- N1
- N2
- N3
- REM
N3
What are the symptoms of REM-parasomnia?
- nightmare disorder, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
- wake-like EEG activity, inhibition of muscle tone, vivid dreams
- loud snoring, noisy breathing, repeated periods of breathing interruption
- problems falling asleep, waking up and lying awake in the night
nightmare disorder, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
What are the suggested mechanisms/models due to which Psilocybin alters consciousness states ?
- The Resting State Functional Connectivity (RSFC) of the Default Mode Network Model (DMN) gets strengthened leading to new possible neuronal connections.
- Neuroplasticity increases because of the ongoing metabolic action on 5HTR3a serotonin receptors.
- BDNF decreases and that is how new synaptic connections evolve.
- Prior beliefs about “the self” are weakened because of changes in the Functional Connectivity of the DMN.
Prior beliefs about “the self” are weakened because of changes in the Functional Connectivity of the DMN.
Which clinical condition is considered particularly amenable to treatment with psilocybin?
- depression
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Parkinson’s disease
- schizophrenia
depression
Which is not a type of neuroplasticity?
- homologous area adaptation
- cross-modal reassignment
- sensory substitution modality
- compensatory masquerade
sensory substitution modality
Which assertion best encapsulates the “neuromatrix of pain” hypothesis?
- Pain perception induces remodelling of nociceptive pathways via synaptogenesis.
- A painful stimulus is whatever you make of it.
- The Neuromatrix 2 was painful, but less so than The Neuromatrix Reloaded.
- Our body image is a subjective and malleable experience constructed by a series of patterns in a widely distributed network.
Our body image is a subjective and malleable experience constructed by a series of patterns in a widely distributed network.
What is true about the development of time perception in infants & children?
- Children’s explicit time judgment ability is related to the maturation of the parasympathetic system.
- At the age of 7, children can make both implicit and explicit time judgments.
- All circadian rhythms emerge immediately after birth.
- Infants discriminate changes in duration in absolute values.
At the age of 7, children can make both implicit and explicit time judgments.
Which of the following brain structures was shown to play a pivotal role in implicit timing?
- cerebellum
- basal ganglia
- medulla
- amygdala
cerebellum
