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A&P Unit 3 Lecture > Kahoot pt 1 > Flashcards

Kahoot pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of sensory receptors give us information on joint and muscle position?

A

proprioceptors

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2
Q

what taste sensations is stimulated by ‘meaty things’ caused by amino acids and or glutamate?

A

umami

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3
Q

do some taste stimuli directly depolarize the sensory cell? which ones?

A

acids, and metallic salts

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4
Q

which cranial nerve does not caryy taste sensation?

A

VIII-vistibulocochlear

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5
Q

what plays a role in our sense of smell?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and limbic system

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6
Q

what is the loudness(amplitude) of a sound measured in what units?

A

decibels

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7
Q

what is the order of hearing?

A

tympanic membrane vibrates, ossicles vibrate, the oval window is compressed, the basilar membrane distorts

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8
Q

what cell ‘fine tune’ the neural signals relating to hearing?

A

outer hair cells

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9
Q

what ear piece stays stationary during the process of hearing?

A

tectorial membrane

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10
Q

what are apart of the integrative pathways of hearing?

A

temporal lobe, inferior colliculus, and superior olivary nucleus of pons

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11
Q

what gives us information on vertical acceletation like on an elevator?

A

macula sacculi

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12
Q

what are the EM radiation wavelengths just shorter than human vision can detect called?

A

UV

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13
Q

True or false: the papillary constrict muscles are stimulated by parasympathetic activity?

A

true

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14
Q

seeing something in the distnce would be described by the eye mechanisms being in what state?

A

emmetropia

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15
Q

what accomodates for near vision?

A

eye convergence, pupil constricition, lens becomes rounder

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16
Q

which type of retina cells give us information on color and fine detail?

A

cones

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17
Q

what is the vision-related neural pathway?

A

retina cell, bipolar cells, ganglion cell body, optic nerve

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18
Q

true or false: when you are in the dark, photoreceptor cells are releasing NT towards the bipolar cells

A

true: they are inhibitory neurotransmitters

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19
Q

what is the process by which retinal changes its shape in the presence of light?

A

bleaching

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20
Q

which visual system utilizes rods and requires light energy?

A

scotopic

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21
Q

what are the four kinds of information that your book says sensory receptors transmit?

A

duration, modality, location, and intensity

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22
Q

what is the sensory event order?

A

stimulus applied, receptor potential generated, sensation, and perception

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23
Q

increased action potential rate, greater number of receptors stimulated and differing sensitivity refer to what?

A

stimulus intensity

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24
Q

what type of receptors adapt very quickly?

A

phasic receptors

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25
Q

what are the two motor divisions of the nervous system?

A

autonomic and somatic

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26
Q

what are the four types of effectors of the autonomic system?

A

smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle and adipose tissue

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27
Q

what is gray matter missing that give it its characteristic color?

A

myelin

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28
Q

what spinal cord structures consist of gray matter?

A

posterior horns

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29
Q

what type of information passes through the posterior horns?

A

sensory information

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30
Q

what term describes the relative postition of your left hand and right foot?

A

contralateral

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31
Q

ascending tracts usually consist of how many different neurons

A

3

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32
Q

which structure controls signals between the second and third order neurons?

A

the thalamus

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33
Q

which ascending tract carries sensations of light touch, tickle, itch, and skin temperature?

A

spinothalamic

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34
Q

what is the sensation of joint position called?

A

proprioception

35
Q

decending somatic tracts from the brain consist of what two neurons?

A

upper and lower neurons

36
Q

which decending tract carries information for fine control of limbs?

A

corticospinal

37
Q

which descending tract carries motor output for reflexive head movements?

A

tectospinal

38
Q

which nerons carry sensory information on rate of change of muscle spindles?

A

primary afferent fibers

39
Q

what are the event of a somatic reflex in order?

A

information from somatic receptor, afferent neurons carry information, integration in the spinal cord, and change in muscle activity

40
Q

what prevents muscles from working against each other during reflexive movements?

A

recipricol inhibition

41
Q

what regulates heart and breathing rate as well as vomiting?

A

medulla oblongata

42
Q

what midbrain structure prevents unwanted muscular movement through inhibition?

A

substanis nigra

43
Q

what is the modification of respritory rate a function of?

A

the pons

44
Q

which arteries are most important for carrying blooc to the brain?

A

carotid arteries

45
Q

what brainstem strucure regulates somatic and cardiovascular motor control, pain modulation, sleep, and habituation?

A

reticular formation

46
Q

what structure is reffered to in the book as the “gateway to the cerebral cortex”?

A

thalamus

47
Q

what is the primary function of the superior colliculi?

A

coordinating eye movements

48
Q

which cerebral structure plays a major role in establishing emotional states and memory?

A

limbic system

49
Q

which cerebral structure plays a role in integrating ongoing or learned mucle movements?

A

basal nuclei

50
Q

what structure allows the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate?

A

corpus callosum

51
Q

what structures make up the limbic system?

A

hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala

52
Q

what are the three types of autonomic(visceral) receptors?

A

barorecptor, chemoreceptor, and thermoreceptor

53
Q

what neurotransmitters are used only in parasympathetic pathways?

A

acetylcholine

54
Q

which pathways has long post ganglionic fibers?

A

sympathetic

55
Q

which sympathetic nerve route innervates peripheral blood vessels and sweat glands?

A

spinal nerve route

56
Q

what is the most varied parasympathetic pathway by far that is associated with which cranial nerve?

A

vagus

57
Q

True or false: all autonomic receptors respond to either acetylcholine or norepinephrine?

A

true

58
Q

which autonomic receptors use G protein/ cAMP system to alter effector activity?

A

muscunaric, alpha receptors, and beta receptors

59
Q

True of false: all sympathetic pathways use norepinephrine to communicate with the effector?

A

false

60
Q

what autonomic system dilates the pupils an the bronchioles in the lungs?

A

sympathetic

61
Q

which sytem has more effects in general? PSNS or SNS

A

SNS

62
Q

what are the three things that break down norepinephrine?

A

MOA, COMT, and enzymes in the liver

63
Q

What is is called when an organ is controlled by antagonitic or cooperative effects of both the SNS and PSNS?

A

dual innervation

64
Q

compared to the nervous system the effects of the endocrine system are…

A

slower and longer lasting

65
Q

what hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

66
Q

what is the funtion of anti-diuretic hormone?

A

regulating fluid osmolarity

67
Q

what is the main function of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4?

A

regulating metabolic rate

68
Q

what is the predominant hormone released by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine

69
Q

what hormones is released by the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol, aldesterone, androgens

70
Q

what hormone is produced by adipose tissue that has a role in regulating hunger?

A

leptin

71
Q

do steroid hormones normall bind to receptors on the cell membrane?

A

no, they diffuse across the membrane

72
Q

two or more hormones that act together to enhance their total effects are reffered to as?

A

synergistic

73
Q

what type of information passes through the anterior horns?

A

motor information

74
Q

what is the sensation of joint position?

A

proprioception

75
Q

how many neurons are usually in a ascending tract?

A

3

76
Q

what is the structure controls signals between the second and throid order somatic neurons?

A

thalamus

77
Q

which descending tract is involved with reflexive head movements?

A

tectospinal`

78
Q

which nerons carry sensory information on the rate of change of muscle spindles?

A

primary afferent fibers

79
Q

what prevents muscles from working against each other during reflexive movements?

A

reciprical inhibition

80
Q

function of medulla oblongata?

A

cranial nerve attatchment, regulating heart rate, control swallowing

81
Q

what brainstem regulats somatic and cardiovasucular motor control, pain modulation, sleep, and habituation?

A

reticular formation

82
Q

which cerebral structure plays a major role in establishing emotional states and memory?

A

limbic system

83
Q

which autonomic receptior does not use a G protein system to alter effector activity?

A

nicotinic

84
Q

whcihc cells trigger action otentials in the cochlear nerve?

A

inner hair cells

A&P Unit 3 Lecture (7 decks)

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