Kahoot pt 1 Flashcards
what type of sensory receptors give us information on joint and muscle position?
proprioceptors
what taste sensations is stimulated by ‘meaty things’ caused by amino acids and or glutamate?
umami
do some taste stimuli directly depolarize the sensory cell? which ones?
acids, and metallic salts
which cranial nerve does not caryy taste sensation?
VIII-vistibulocochlear
what plays a role in our sense of smell?
hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and limbic system
what is the loudness(amplitude) of a sound measured in what units?
decibels
what is the order of hearing?
tympanic membrane vibrates, ossicles vibrate, the oval window is compressed, the basilar membrane distorts
what cell ‘fine tune’ the neural signals relating to hearing?
outer hair cells
what ear piece stays stationary during the process of hearing?
tectorial membrane
what are apart of the integrative pathways of hearing?
temporal lobe, inferior colliculus, and superior olivary nucleus of pons
what gives us information on vertical acceletation like on an elevator?
macula sacculi
what are the EM radiation wavelengths just shorter than human vision can detect called?
UV
True or false: the papillary constrict muscles are stimulated by parasympathetic activity?
true
seeing something in the distnce would be described by the eye mechanisms being in what state?
emmetropia
what accomodates for near vision?
eye convergence, pupil constricition, lens becomes rounder
which type of retina cells give us information on color and fine detail?
cones
what is the vision-related neural pathway?
retina cell, bipolar cells, ganglion cell body, optic nerve
true or false: when you are in the dark, photoreceptor cells are releasing NT towards the bipolar cells
true: they are inhibitory neurotransmitters
what is the process by which retinal changes its shape in the presence of light?
bleaching
which visual system utilizes rods and requires light energy?
scotopic
what are the four kinds of information that your book says sensory receptors transmit?
duration, modality, location, and intensity
what is the sensory event order?
stimulus applied, receptor potential generated, sensation, and perception
increased action potential rate, greater number of receptors stimulated and differing sensitivity refer to what?
stimulus intensity
what type of receptors adapt very quickly?
phasic receptors
what are the two motor divisions of the nervous system?
autonomic and somatic
what are the four types of effectors of the autonomic system?
smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle and adipose tissue
what is gray matter missing that give it its characteristic color?
myelin
what spinal cord structures consist of gray matter?
posterior horns
what type of information passes through the posterior horns?
sensory information
what term describes the relative postition of your left hand and right foot?
contralateral
ascending tracts usually consist of how many different neurons
3
which structure controls signals between the second and third order neurons?
the thalamus
which ascending tract carries sensations of light touch, tickle, itch, and skin temperature?
spinothalamic
what is the sensation of joint position called?
proprioception
decending somatic tracts from the brain consist of what two neurons?
upper and lower neurons
which decending tract carries information for fine control of limbs?
corticospinal
which descending tract carries motor output for reflexive head movements?
tectospinal
which nerons carry sensory information on rate of change of muscle spindles?
primary afferent fibers
what are the event of a somatic reflex in order?
information from somatic receptor, afferent neurons carry information, integration in the spinal cord, and change in muscle activity
what prevents muscles from working against each other during reflexive movements?
recipricol inhibition
what regulates heart and breathing rate as well as vomiting?
medulla oblongata
what midbrain structure prevents unwanted muscular movement through inhibition?
substanis nigra
what is the modification of respritory rate a function of?
the pons
which arteries are most important for carrying blooc to the brain?
carotid arteries
what brainstem strucure regulates somatic and cardiovascular motor control, pain modulation, sleep, and habituation?
reticular formation
what structure is reffered to in the book as the “gateway to the cerebral cortex”?
thalamus
what is the primary function of the superior colliculi?
coordinating eye movements
which cerebral structure plays a major role in establishing emotional states and memory?
limbic system
which cerebral structure plays a role in integrating ongoing or learned mucle movements?
basal nuclei
what structure allows the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate?
corpus callosum
what structures make up the limbic system?
hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala
what are the three types of autonomic(visceral) receptors?
barorecptor, chemoreceptor, and thermoreceptor
what neurotransmitters are used only in parasympathetic pathways?
acetylcholine
which pathways has long post ganglionic fibers?
sympathetic
which sympathetic nerve route innervates peripheral blood vessels and sweat glands?
spinal nerve route
what is the most varied parasympathetic pathway by far that is associated with which cranial nerve?
vagus
True or false: all autonomic receptors respond to either acetylcholine or norepinephrine?
true
which autonomic receptors use G protein/ cAMP system to alter effector activity?
muscunaric, alpha receptors, and beta receptors
True of false: all sympathetic pathways use norepinephrine to communicate with the effector?
false
what autonomic system dilates the pupils an the bronchioles in the lungs?
sympathetic
which sytem has more effects in general? PSNS or SNS
SNS
what are the three things that break down norepinephrine?
MOA, COMT, and enzymes in the liver
What is is called when an organ is controlled by antagonitic or cooperative effects of both the SNS and PSNS?
dual innervation
compared to the nervous system the effects of the endocrine system are…
slower and longer lasting
what hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus?
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
what is the funtion of anti-diuretic hormone?
regulating fluid osmolarity
what is the main function of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
regulating metabolic rate
what is the predominant hormone released by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
what hormones is released by the adrenal cortex?
cortisol, aldesterone, androgens
what hormone is produced by adipose tissue that has a role in regulating hunger?
leptin
do steroid hormones normall bind to receptors on the cell membrane?
no, they diffuse across the membrane
two or more hormones that act together to enhance their total effects are reffered to as?
synergistic
what type of information passes through the anterior horns?
motor information
what is the sensation of joint position?
proprioception
how many neurons are usually in a ascending tract?
3
what is the structure controls signals between the second and throid order somatic neurons?
thalamus
which descending tract is involved with reflexive head movements?
tectospinal`
which nerons carry sensory information on the rate of change of muscle spindles?
primary afferent fibers
what prevents muscles from working against each other during reflexive movements?
reciprical inhibition
function of medulla oblongata?
cranial nerve attatchment, regulating heart rate, control swallowing
what brainstem regulats somatic and cardiovasucular motor control, pain modulation, sleep, and habituation?
reticular formation
which cerebral structure plays a major role in establishing emotional states and memory?
limbic system
which autonomic receptior does not use a G protein system to alter effector activity?
nicotinic
whcihc cells trigger action otentials in the cochlear nerve?
inner hair cells
