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Meat And Dairy > K15 > Flashcards

K15 Flashcards

1
Q

Breeding programme

A
  • methods: Artificial Insemination (AI) and natural mating
  • commonly employed in several fields where humans wish to change the characteristics of their animals’ offspring through careful selection of breeding partners
  • important for higher quality of milk production
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2
Q

Objectives of Breeding Programme

A
  • ensure the sustainability of milk production of the herd
  • maximise the milk production in each cow
  • synchronise the production time in dairy cattle
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3
Q

What are the common dairy breed?

A

Holstein
brown swiss
guernsey
jersey
ayrshire
shorthorn

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4
Q

What are the aspects included in breeding programme

A
  1. consideration in breeding
  2. production cycle
  3. breeding methods
  4. causes of infertility
  5. reproductive diseases
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5
Q

Considerations in breeding for MILK PRODUCTION

A
  1. Selecting the best cow/heifers
    - mature cow who has already calved
    - pregnant cow with many offspring before
    - pregnant heifer and have her first calf soon
  2. Selecting the best bull (semen)
  3. Achieving the best milk production efficiency
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of good dairy cow?

A
  1. Produce a large quantity of high value output (milk)
  2. Good health status
  3. Good longevity
  4. Easy to manage
  5. Good conformation
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7
Q

What are breed characteristic of high yielding dairy cows?

A
  1. Feminine head
  2. Wedge shaped appearance of the body
  3. Bright eyes with lean neck
  4. Good feet and strong legs
  5. Udder well attachged to the abdomen
  6. All 4 quarters of the udder well demarcated with well placed teats
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8
Q

Explain the production cycle

A
  1. Calf
  2. Weaned in 6-8 weeks old
  3. Breeding in 15 months old
  4. Calving in 24 months old
  5. Lactating in 305 days
  6. Breeding again after 2 months of lactation
  7. Dry period for 60 days
  8. Calving again 9 months after
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9
Q

What is the maturity age?

A

Puberty around 6-16m
40-45% of adult weight (200kg)
Mated or AI at 15 months old
Left to grow for a longer time if not yer reached targeted weight

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10
Q

Oestrus cycle

A
  • Marked by the reoccurrence of oestrus when ovulation occurs
  • Synchronise oestrus cycle to achieve synchronised calving
  • Using hormone implant (progesterone) - in the ear, intra-vaginally or by injection
  • Increase milk production but also increased risk of mastitis and lameness
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11
Q

Explain the stages of oestrus cycle

A
  1. Proestrus (D18-21)- Progesterone declines with regression of CL, oestrogen increases, secondary signs of oestrus occur
  2. Oestrus (D0)- Sexually receptive, initiated by elevation in oestrogen, High uterine motility
  3. Metoestrus (D1-5)- New CL form, progesterone rise, Metoestrus bleeding may occur in 90% of heifers and less than 45% of cows
  4. Dioestrus (D6-17)- CL reaches maximum size & function, High levels of progesterone, IF Not pregnant - CL regresses & progesterone decreases, IF Pregnant – CL does not regress & progesterone level remain high
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12
Q

What is the signs of oestrus period

A

Primary sign - standing to be mounted
Secondary sign- vary in duration and intensity (mounting of other coes/ chin resting/ clear mucus discharge/ swollen, moist and red vulva/ high level of activity/ very vocal and bellow frequently)

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13
Q

Explain the mating

A
  • ovulation occurs 25-32h after onset of standing oestrus
  • sperm must stay in reproductive tract for at least 6h to fertelise the egg to allow capacitation occur
  • sperm viability is 18-24 h
  • ovulated egg remain fertilisable longer (10-20 hours) than they remain capable of being fertilised and developing into normal embryo (8-10 hours)
  • cow should be inseminated during last half of standing oestrus
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14
Q
A
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14
Q

Explain gestation and parturition period

A
  1. Majority carry a single calf
  2. Pregnancy lasts an average of 280-285 days (9 months)
  3. Calves around 24 months if impregnated at 15 months
  4. Heifer continue to grow during this period (reach full size at 4 years old)
  5. Milk production start before delivering calf – provide colostrum for the calf
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15
Q

Explai the lactation period

A
  • Start milk production at 24 months old
  • Naturally (without human intervention) – last from calving time to time of drying off (10-12 months)
16
Q

Explain the dry period

A
  • Cow is not milked – stop milk production
  • Last around 60 days before being calved
17
Q

Explain AI breeding methods

A
  • Semen with living sperms are collected from male and manually introduced into female reproductive tract at proper time with help of instruments.
  • Widely used for breeding dairy cows for sustainable productions.
    1. collection of semen
    2. insertion of semen into cow’s vagina
18
Q

Explain the process of collection of semen

A
  1. Artificial vagina is secured in service crate
  2. Artificial vagina is assembled at 45° angle from the direction of penis
  3. Sheath of bull is graphed by operator when the bull mounts. directing penis into artificial vagina folloed by a thrust to ejaculate
  4. Artificial vagina is taken off from the penis after dismounting
  5. Water from jacket is drained allowing ejaculate to flow through the collection tube
  6. Semen collection tube is detached from the cone.
19
Q

Insertion of semen

A
  1. Firmly position cow- relaxed and appropriately restrained with space for food and water
  2. Thaw the straw- 35℃of water/ removed from flask with forceps/ only thaw one straw at a time
  3. Prepare the cow- vulva is cleaned with paper towel/ Handler wears an arm length glove and inserts arm inside vulva/ Any excess dung is removed/ If rectum becomes distended, process is reserved for awhile
  4. Find the cervix- landmark and located befor inserting the gun/ pelvic rim
  5. Insert AI gun- Use elbow to exert downward pressure on vagina to part the lips of vulva/ guide the AI gun to engaged in the cervix and pass it over the AI gun
  6. Line up AI gun- AI gun is lined up through the cervix and passed through the canal manipulating the cervix back over the tip of the gun.
  7. Reach the cervix- Semen is deposited into the short chamber of the uterine horns on the other side of the cervix/ deposit the semen slowly
  8. Maintain equipment- Do not reuse sheaths/ can increase risk of disease spread and reduce
    pregnancy rates.
20
Q

What are the advantages of AI in dairy farms

A

Cost saving- avoild maintenance of breeding bull for a herd
Increase conception rates- can produce calves and milk
Disease control- Prevents genital disease: brucellosis

21
Q

What are disadvantages of AI in dairy farm

A

Fertility problem- improper sanitisation
Extreme invasive- cause stress in cows affect milk production
Complicated procedure- requires specific process : storing semen and inseminate the cows

22
Q

Explain natural breeding

A

Random mating that occurs between two individuals of the same species.
- Identify oestrus period or precopulatory behaviour : smelling of urine/ swelling and reddening of vulva
- Breed the cattle- pulling the bull together with cow
- Monitor bulls and cows during breedin season- cows with tails being held out when walking
- Pull out the bull after 2m to ensure all cows get 3-4 chances of being covered

23
Q
A
24
Q

What are the advantages of natural breeding in dairy farm

A

Not invasive- causes minimal stress to cow
Time saving- speed up gestation process
Less labour needed

25
Q

What are disadvantages of natural breeding in dairy farm

A

Cause semen wastage
Transmission of disease- fetal infection/ Venereal Camplylobacteriosis
Cause injury- lagre bull can hurt small cow

26
Q

What are causes of infertility

A

The inability to conceive young
Individual Factor
Management Factor

27
Q

Individual factors

A
  • body condition at calving (BCS 3.5-4) and 1st service (BCS 2.75-3)
  • age: Primiparous cow = pregnant or give birth for the first time
28
Q

Management factors

A

Heat detection
Timing of insemination
Health and hygiene- disease (Q fever/ BVD/ Listeria)// Parasite
Nutrition

Meat And Dairy (4 decks)

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