K11 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEM Flashcards
What is Livestock Production System LPS?
Utilisation and management of livestock productions resources to produce the desirable products
What will influence LPS
- agro-ecological potential
- relative availability of land
- labour and capital
- demand for livestock
What are the major questions for LPS
Market demand
Type of livestock
Location
Land
Capital
Management
Labour
What are the production resources for LPS
Land and space
Feed
Health
Environment
Technology
Labour
What are the production system in LPS
Extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive
Int
Explain what is Extensive Production System
Uses small inputs of labour and capital relative to the land area being farmed or grazed
Extreme example: Nomadic herding, herders move their animals to used feed from occasional rainfalls
Animal welfare is generally improved-animals arent kept in stifling conditions
Advantages and disadvantages of EXTENSIVE SYSTEM
Less labour is required
Lower requirements of inputs such as fertiliser
Lower yields
Large land requirements limit the habitat of wild species and low stocking rate of livestock
What is FREE GRAZING
Suitable for all ruminants
Not suitable for animals under lactation
Animal are left on pasture to graze
Number of animals depend on the size of field
Local vegetation is the main source of animal feed
Types of free grazing
Conventional-traditional
-animals left to graze on large grazing field
Rotational- systematic free grazing
-use of several pastures with one being grazed while the others are rested
-pasture are divided into a few paddocks with fences
Explain advantages of Conventional Grazing type
- graze at will/choose the best feed (quality + quantity)
- low cost of management and feedstuff
- low labour intensive
- grazing field provided by government
- low number per unit area (stocking rate) / not crowded
Explain disadvantages of CONVENTIONAL GRAZING
- overgrazing-field become a barren land
- high land cost
- low control of animals-lack of nutrients
- sanitary problems
- low production
- located in rural area 乡村
- animals cause accidents, manure and crop damage
Explain the advantages of ROTATIONAL GRAZING
1.reduce cost of machinery, fuel and facilities
2. reduce supplemental feeding and pasture waste
3. improve monthly distribution and pasture yield
4. improve pastures’ botanical composition
5. improve animal waste distribution and use
6. minimise daily fluctuations in intake and quality feed
7. allocate pasture to animals more efficiently based on nutritional needs
Explain disadvantages of ROTATIONAL GRAZING
- high land cost
- Sanitary problems
- located in rural area
- less control on animals
- suitable only for a large area
Explain INTENSIVE SYSTEM
FEEDLOT SYSTEM
- high use of input such as capital, labour, and chemical fertiliser
- dominant response to population growth as it allows for producing more food on the same amount of land
- involve large number of animals raised on limited land which requires large amounts of food, water and medical inputs
Explain FACTORY FARMING
raising livestock in confinement at high stocking density, where a farm operates as a factory which is a practice typical in industrial arming by agribusinesses
-provide opportunity to capture methane emissions which would contribute to global warming - can generate heat or electrical energy, reduce local demand for fossil fuels
Explain FEEDLOT SYSTEM
CAFO concentrated animal feeding operation-fattening livestock
-animals are fully kept in the barn
-Diets: dense in food energy, to encourage the deposition of fat or building the animals’ muscle
-animals requires daily care
-buildings are environmentally controlled from humidity and temperature
Type of housing for INTENSIVE SYSTEM
- earthen lot with windbreak
- earthen lot with shed
- concrete lot with shed
Explain the advantages of INTENSIVE SYSTEM
- easier to control
- high production - efficient use of forage (higher nutrient) and saving of grazing energy
- improve quantity and quality of meats
- less soil damage
- requires small amount of land
Explain the disadvantages of INTENSIVE SYSTEM
- high management cost - structure of building/ equipment/ possibly fuel costs
- labour intensive
- small area and manure accumulate beneath animals
- less opportunity for animals to select forage
- limited number of animals
Environmental impact of INTENSIVE SYSTEM
Global environmental degradation- concentrating large numbers of animals in factory farms
Livestock production is water-intensive in indoor
8% of global human water used goes towards animal production, irrigate feed crops
Explain SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM
- combination of intensive and free grazing
- animal are kept in the barns but release to the pasture at certain period
- animals return to barns for extra food and shelter
- more suitable in Malaysia where land is limited
Explain advantages of SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM
- moderate cost of management
- easy to control
- moderate production
- improve quality and quantity of meats
Explain disadvantages of SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM
- needs larger area
- limited number of animals
- labour intensive
- higher management cost - structure of buildings, equipment and possibly fuel costs
INTEGRATION SYSTEM
Animals were integrated in the plantation - oil palm, rubber, coconut or cocoa plantation
2 major: with arable and tree cropping // with pond fish and crop or vegetables
