juvenile corrections

Question 1

five goals of punishment

Answer 1

retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, restoration

Question 2

examples of early punishment strategies

Answer 2

• death (rare) but still used
• corporal punishments
• transportation (from England to colonies)
• enlightenment era prompted use of penal institutions as alternatives

Question 3

Pennsylvania system

Answer 3

• in 1790, PA voted to develop a prison with solitary cells for inmates
• led mostly by Quakers such as Benjamin Franklin
• purpose was to deny inmates of all potential corrupting influences and only give what is necessary to survive

Question 4

isolation and moral training in PA system

Answer 4

• cells had a hole in the celling, with the idea that inmates could talk to god
• purpose: through isolation individuals would recognize their errors and would be morally fixed
• housed both juveniles and adults
• inmates isolated from others and could only talk to guards
• many prisoners began to suffer from mental health issues, which led to reform

Question 5

the Auburn system

Answer 5

• after experimenting with the PA system, NY decided to go a different route
• instead of isolating prisoners all day, In Auburn system prisoners kept in cells at night but work near each other all day

Question 6

silence and worked used in the Auburn system

Answer 6

• prisoners required to remain silent and banned from even looking at one another
• sold goods made by prisoners to offset costs of prison

Question 7

juvenile reformatories

Answer 7

• for several years, juveniles housed in same institutions as adults
• beginning in 1825, private groups established house of refuge
• in 1846, the first public reformatory for juveniles opened in Massachusetts (Lyman school for boys)
• goal of juvenile facilities different than adult, but in practiced reformatories very much resembled prisons

Question 8

shift towards rehabilitation and its impact on juvenile corrections

Answer 8

• by the end of 1800s, the conceptualization of childhood changed- began to recognize the transition between childhood and adulthood
• no longer seemed appropriate to punish juveniles in the same way adults punished- focus on treatment and rehabilitation
• coincided with a more general attempt at penal reform: prisoners should be trained to be virtuous rather than simply punished

Question 9

two central ideas with juvenile reformatories (separating adults and juveniles; rehabilitation)

Answer 9

resembled a military school and had many of the same problems as earlier institutions

Question 10

community corrections and its use

Answer 10

by institutionalizing youth they are trained to be dependent rather than independent and free
juveniles are better served being in their natural family environment
- juvenile court argued probation should be primary form of punishment

Question 11

what led the us to move away from rehabilitation

Answer 11

1) concerns over whether it was possible to identify causes of delinquency for each juvenile
2) juvenile reformatories lacked funding to implement programming as designed
3) crime rates in the US increasing
4) no evidence that counseling and rehabilitation reduced recidivism