June Exams Flashcards
What is population density
The number of people in an area (usually per km2)
how to figure out population density
Total population/ area
Factors affecting distribution
Climate
Segment factors
Soil
Water
Economic
Minerals
What’s a choropleth map
To show the relative density of an area
What is migration
The movement of people from one pace to another
definition of emigrant
People who leave a place
Definition of imigrant
People who arrive in a country
What’s distribution
The spread of people in an area
Name 5 physical positive reasons for distribution
Good water supply
Good food supply
Dense forest
Open grassland for animals
Good soil for growing crops
Name 5 physical negative reasons for distribution
Poor water supply
Poor food supply
Poor soils for farming
Few natural resources
Too wet or too dry
Name 3 human positive reasons for distribution
Industry + jobs
Money for investment
Good railways,roads, ports etc
Name 3 human negative reasons for distribution
Few jobs
Poor water supply
Lack of investment
What the definition of a refugee
people forced to flee their own country and seek safety in another country
What are push factors
Push factors are reasons people want to leave an area
What are pull factors
Reasons why people want to move to a particular area
List five push factors
High crime
Crop failure
Droughts
Flooding
War
List five pull factors
More wealth
Better services
Good climate
Safer, less crime
More fertile land
Positive reasons for low population density
It minimizes the problem of congestion and overcrowding.
It avails enough land for settlement
Less possibility of slum development since people are few.
Negative reasons for low population density
A limited supply of labour.
Small market size for goods and services due to low demand.
It is expensive for the government to provide social services to a few users.
Migration definition
movement from one part of an area to another.
Immigration definition
People who arrive in a country
Emigration definition
People who leave a country
Positive impacts on migration of the source country
Less pressure on natural resources, including food and water.
There is less pressure on services such as education
Unemployment can reduce as there is less competition for jobs.
Negative impacts of migration on the source country
Cultural clash
Human trafficking
Loss of young people
Negative impact of migration on the destination country
Pressure on public services such as schools, housing, and healthcare.
Overcrowding.
Language and cultural barriers can exist.
Increased levels of pollution.
Increased pressure on natural resources.
Racial tensions and discrimination
Positive impacts of migration on the receiving country
Workers will work for low wages and are prepared to do jobs that local people do not want.
Increased cultural diversity.
Skills gaps are filled.
Boost to the local economy.
Positive reasons for high population density
cultural diversity,
economic growth,
increased demand for goods and services
cost efficiency.
negative reasons for high population density
As the population increases there will be more chances for the exploitation of natural resources.
Environmental Degradation and Others.
The number of unproductive consumers is increasing.
Unemployment.
Physical reasons for high population density
water supply,
climate,
relief
vegetation,
soils and availability of natural resources and energy.
human reasons for high population density
The availability of jobs and economic activities within a region
When did the ice age in Britain begin
About 1,000,000 years ago
How long did the ice age in Britain last for
10.000 years
Where did the ice that covered nearly all of the uk grow from
The Scandinavian ice sheet
Where was the Scandinavian ice sheet centred on
Sweden, Finland
Name a mountain range where glaciers formed
The alps
What percentage of the earth was covered by ice
30%
When did the ice age start
2 mil years ago during which there where 4 very cold periods
What are ice advances called and when did the last one begin
glaciations
70.000 years ago
What are warm periods between these glaciations called
Interglacial periods
What caused the ice age
Variations in the suns energy
A massive volcanic eruption
Changes in the earths orbit
What are glaciers
Large rivers of ice which move slowly down hill and change the chaos of the land by erosion and deposition
Characteristics of a glacier
A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water
Where does freeze thawing happen
In areas were temperatures regularly rises above and falls below freezing
How does freeze thawing happen
Water collects in cracks
Water freezes plus expands
Ice melts and contracts
This happened over and over again till rock is broken
What is freeze thaw weathering
A type of weather where water repeatedly freezes and puts pressure on rocks to breach them down
What are 2 glacial erosion processes
Abrasion
plucking
What’s plucking
Tearing away of blocks of rock which have become frozen onto the base and sides of a glacier
What’s abrasion
Wearing away of the rocks at the base and sides of the glacier.
The ice acts like and enormous piece of sandpaper
What does abrasion lead to
The valley getting steeper, deeper and wider the bedrock is polished smooth by the ice as it moves across
What are striations
The long grooves left in the bedrock due to the grinding
Why are striations important
They show what direction the ice was moving
What’s a corrie
A steep sided bowl shaped hallow at the head of a glaciation valley
Often described as an armchair shaped hallow
How is a corrie formed
Snow collects in a natural hallow on the side of a mountain
Further snow collects here over time
This weight compresses the snow underneath Turing it into ice
Hallow is deepens and widened
This over deepening leads to an armchair characteristics of a corrie and causes a rock lip to form
How are pyramidal peaks formed
When 3 or more Corrie cut backwards into the same mountain
An example of a pyramidal peak is
The Matterhorn in Switzerland/italy
What’s an arête and how is it formed
A steep rocky ridge between two Corries
u shaped valley how is it formed
as the glacier flows down an old v-shaped valley it erodes the side and bottom of the valley by abrasion and plucking
What are crevasses and how are they formed
They are large cracks in ice
They are formed when when the ice is forced to expand and stretch and then crack as if flows down a steep hole
What is a ribbon lake and how is it formed
These are long narrow lakes found on the valley floor
When the glacier retreats the melt water fills the areas that have been cut out by the glaciers erosion
What’s a moraine and how is it formed
A type of land form that is created when a glacier deposits the material that it has been transporting. It’s made up of unsourced angular rocks
What is glacial deposition
Deposition occurs when a rise in temperature causes ice to melt and the glacier no longer able to hold as much material so it dumps it
It will be deposited either on the valley floor or across lowlands at the foot of highland areas
What’s a moraine
large amounts of rock that have been deposited
What’s a surface moraine
Pieces of rock eroded from the hill side or fallen from slopes above
What’s a ground moraine
Has been eroded from the rock underneath
It has been crushed to small pieces found on the ground or below the glacier
What’s a terminal moraine
Found at the front of a glacier or ice sheets
It marks the furthest point the ice has reached
What’s a recessional moraine
Forms where a retreating glacier remained stationary for sufficient time to produce a mound of material
Formation is the same for a terminal moraine but they occur where the retreating ice paused
What’s boulder clay
Ice carries material both on top and underneath
This material is is deposited as a covering of soil called boulder clay or till
How does blonder clay affect people
Slopes and fertile soil can be good for farming
Slopes can be good for building on
The land can be water logged and hard to plough
How are drumlin formed
By boulder clay
But there can be a debate on how these are formed most people accept that the ice became overloaded with sediment
What is a drumlin field
A cluster of dozens of similarly shaped sized and oriented drumlin
What is a drumlin
They are elongated features egg shaped that can reach a kilometre or more in length, 500 metered in width
What are erratics
Large boulder that have been carried by a glacier and then deposited in a different area of rock type
Galcial features in Northern Ireland
Donegal ice sheet which moved north-eastwards
A Scottish ice sheet moved across N.I to the east
An Irish ice sheet that moved east to north
a re-advanced of scottish which affected the costal, areas of East and North of Antrim and Dery /London derry.
What’s an avalanche
A large mass of snow and ice that moves rapidly down a mountain side
How do avalanches occur
Change in temperature
Skiers
Effects of an avalanche
- death
- burried buildings, animals + people
- damaging crops + killing pants
- up rooting trees.
how can impacts of an avalanche be reduced.
- fences
- posts
- nets
- mounds to slow down the avalanche.
Facts about The Mer de Glace glacier
It’s 7km long
200m thick
Moves about 70 meters each year
It was discovered in 1741
It’s located in the French Alps
It’s retreaded kilometres
Case studio Mexico to America pull factors
- In Mexico 5% of the population are undernourished but in the USA this is not a problem.
- The wage in Mexico per hour is only $3.49 but in America it is $6.75
- His two daughters are often ill, going to the USA would get them better health care.
- in the USA there is a higher amount of people that have a car than people in Mexico
Case studio Mexico to America push factors
- 18% of people in Mexico live on less than 60 pence per day, it is less than 1% in the USA
- and Unemployment is rising in Zacatecas.Mining is no longer as profitable.
