June 6th Exam

Question 1

Role of this brain area

1. Hipppocampus
2. Arcuate Fasciculus
3. Nucleus Accumbens
4. Piriform Cortex
5. Pontine reticular formation

Answer 1

1. Hipppocampus = new memories
2. Arcuate Fasciculus = Brocas connection to Wernickes area
3. Nucleus Accumbens = Basal ganglia (reward + pleasure, addiction)
4. Piriform Cortex = process olfactory information
5. Pontine reticular formation = arousal, attention, sleep, muscle tone

Question 2

What makes a protein A and B different in size if they are the same gene and have no mutation

Answer 2

Gene alternative splicing

Question 3

Most important muscle in valsalva maneuver + this can be done when

Answer 3

ABD rectus muscles

= during supraventricular tachycardia

Question 4

Acetyl CoA affect on Pyruvate

Answer 4

1. ACTIVATE Pyruvate carboxylase to make GLUCOSE

2. BLOCK Pyruvate dehydrogenase to make ATP

Question 5

1. Alanine and Pyruvate
2. Citrate is coenzyme for
3. Fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase high and low levels does what

Answer 5

1. In muscles Pyruvate—> Alanine which prevent Pyruvate kinase (goes to liver and becomes Pyruvate again to make glucose)
2. Acetyl CoA carboxylase + Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase (HIGH LEVELS = HIGH ENERGY LEVELS)
3. HIGH F26BP = activates phosphofructokinase 1(glycolysis), LOW F26BP = activates F16BP(gluconeogenesis)

Question 6

Chronic illness can do what to muscles and nerves

Answer 6

Muscles = atrophy (loss of myosin) 
Nerves = degenerate peripheral axons (inflammation deactivating NA channels) 

= symmetric proximal upper and lower weakness and X reflex + CAN EFFECT RESPIRATORY MUSCELS

Question 7

1. Corticospinal tracts demyelination do what

2. Polymyositis

Answer 7

1. Pons or spinal cord demyelination = upper motor problems. +HYPERREFLX
2. Inflammation of myofibers = acute = bilateral proximal weakness + pain

Question 8

NT that comes from this nucleus

1. Raphe nucleus
2. Caudate nucleus
3. Locus Ceruleus
4. Nucleus basalis of Meynert
5. Red nucleus
6. Substantia nigra

Answer 8

1. Raphe nucleus = 5HT (SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs)
2. Caudate nucleus +putamen = GABA and Ach (movement probs = HD effects here)
3. Locus Ceruleus = NE
4. Nucleus basalis of Meynert =Ach (AD effects this)
5. Red nucleus = upper extr. movement probs (anterior midbrain)
6. Substantia nigra = Dopamine

Question 9

Adverse effects :

1. Pioglitazone
2. Exenatide
3. Sitagliptin
4. Canagliflozin

Answer 9

1. Pioglitazone = WG, fluid overload —> HF
2. Exenatide = pancreatitis, WL (gastroparesis)
3. Sitagliptin = nasopharyngitis
4. Canagliflozin = vaginitis, UTI, hypotension

Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides = increase insulin by Blocking B-cell K+ channels (ATP depended)

Question 10

Acute transplant rejection in mainly what and histo ( however if Bcells do involve themselves you see what histo)
+ chronic + hyper acute shows what

Answer 10

1. ACTUE (T-cell cellular mediation = mononuclear lymphocytic interstitial infiltration ) (b-cells will have C4d deposits + N + necrotizing vasculitis)
2. Chronic (Vascualr thickening + atrophy + fibrosis) cell mediated + humoral mediated
3. Hyper acute (ABs = gross mottling, cyanosis, arterial Fibrinoid necrosis, cap thrombotic occlusions)

(BM transplant usually graft vs host)

Question 11

1. Aspirin MOA
2. Ticlopidine + Clopidogrel
3. Dipyridamole + Cilostazole
4. abciximab + Eptifibatide + Tirofiban

Answer 11

1. lowers thromboxin A2 by COX1
2. Block ADP mediated plt aggregation
3. inhibit phosphodiesterase + increase cAMP = X plt aggregation
4. block Gpll/lll binding to fibrinogen