June 2019 exam paper Flashcards
Describe the preparation and storage of Phaseolus vulgaris seed under the heading: Harvesting
harvest seeds from plants that are true to type, pest and disease free, and undamaged
harvest pods that are ripe-indicated by pods turning brown on plant. (Occurs late summer/early autumn)
The pods should contain fully formed seeds
Harvest seeds in dry weather
If pods are harvested in wet weather, hang up in bunches in a dry location until they become brittle (in greenhouse/building)
Describe the preparation and storage of Phaseolus vulgaris seed under the heading: Separation and Cleaning
This seed is dry and orthodox so does not need washing or soaking in water
carefully separate seeds from pods, keeping only those that are fully ripe and undamaged.
Grade the seeds, rejecting those that are too small
Avoid damage when separating seeds from pod
dry any damp seeds on paper for 7-10 days
check for any disease lesions on seed coat
Describe the preparation and storage of Phaseolus vulgaris seed under the heading: Storage and packing
store seeds in a frost free, cool, dry condition
store seeds in a dry envelope or paper bag
when seeds fully dry, you can store them in a plastic box with silica gel
long term storage can take place in a fridge, in sealed containers
what are 4 horticultural situations in which seed can be used?
vegetable production lawn establishment hardy annual borders seasonal bedding production production of herbs production of glasshouse food/salad crops
production of trees, shrubs, alpines and herbaceous perennials
wildflower meadows
green manure crops
describe three methods of avoiding diseases when sowing seed
use clean mains water, rather that water stored from a water butt
use sterile containers that are new or have been washed and free from debris
use fresh, sterile growing media
sow seeds at a suitable density which is not too thick
use a weed free seed bed to avoid alternative hosts for pathogens
avoid wet, waterlogged soil
use disease free quality seed purchased from a reputable store
describe the propagation of Lactuca sativa in a glasshouse under the heading: selection of container and growing media
use a clean or new, undamaged full or half seed tray, or half pot using John Innes (JI) seed compost or any suitable loam-less, multi-purpose, or seed sowing growing media
describe the propagation of Lactuca sativa in a glasshouse under the heading: preparation of container with growing media for sowing
overfill the container with growing media, tap down, saw/strike off the growing media level using a striker board and firm using a firming board
describe the propagation of Lactuca sativa in a glasshouse under the heading: sowing method
sow seeds broadcast- either by having the seeds in the palm of your hand and tapping OR by inching or by tapping them from the seed packet.
sow at correct density eg: 2-3mm apart.
cover seeds to a uniform depth of 3-5mm until they’ve just disappeared from sight using sieved growing media or vermiculite.
You can water the seed tray prior to sowing
describe the propagation of Lactuca sativa in a glasshouse under the heading: immediate aftercare
either water with a watering can with a fine rose, or soak trays from below.
Place seeds trays in a warm environment at a temp of 12-15’c
cover trays with a sheet of glass until germination takes place to keep the seeds moist
what is meant by the term clone?
it is an individual or group of plants derived from a vegetative source which makes them genetically identical.
state 4 horticultural benefits of raising plants by vegetative means
genetically identical plant material can be produced so there is a uniform performance between progeny
complex seed dormancy problems can be avoided
it is the only method to propagate some plants which are sterile
size of the plant can be controlled by the use of budding and grafting
there is a shorter time frame for plants to reach maturity as larger pieces of plant material are used at the time of propagation eg: cutting, grafting, layering
no need for pollination to produce new plants
state 4 horticultural limitations of raising plants by vegetative means
limited availability of plant material
plants susceptible to pest/disease due to lack of genetic variation
high level of skill for some methods of vegetative propagation eg: grafting
specialist propagation environments are needed for some methods eg: mist unit
a large amount of space is required for some methods eg: layering
all propagation material needs to be juvenile and non-flowering
describe the propagation of a named plant by simple layering under the following headings: name of plant
Cornus alba
describe the propagation of a named plant by simple layering under the following headings: time of year (for Cornus alba)
Autumn, it is the dormant season. Spring for some subjects
describe the propagation of a named plant by simple layering under the following headings: selection of material (for Cornus alba)
true to type
pest and disease free
young, pliable but woody and of the current or immediate previous seasons’ growth-which is vegetative and non-flowering
describe the propagation of a named plant by simple layering under the following headings: propagation method (for Cornus alba)
1) soil around mother/stock plant must be well prepared and weed free, friable and ameliorated with om.
shallow trench 10cm deep should be dug 40-60com from the plant, (depending on length of stem)
or, the stem can be bent into a container and filled with suitable growing media.
2) Stem can be wounded
3) bend selected stem down into a trench and peg in place
describe propagation method for Cornus alba if you use the wounded method
to wound stem, either:
remove a section of bark from the stem and dust with a hormone rooting powder OR twist a wire tightly around the stem to concentrate the auxin at that point to encourage rooting.
describe the propagation method for Cornus alba if you bend the stem down and put in a trench
the selected stem is bent down into the trench creating an acute bencd to hold the layer in place.
A peg or wire is used to hold the stem in place and supported in a vertical position by tying it to a bamboo cane.
soil is backfilled into the trench where the layer is pegged down, firmed and watered
name some types of commercial propagation facilities used to grow plants
closed case or dew point cabinet with bottom heat
polythene tent with bottom heat
mist propagation unit
fogging unit
north wall cold frame
low polythene tunnel outdoors
a heated or unheated greenhouse
growing room for tissue culture
describe how to manage the environment of a closed case and polythene tent facility to encourage the rooting process
make sure facilities are clean
ensure appropriate moisture levels are maintained by the use of mist nozzles,
excessive moisture is removed by ventilation
bottom heat controlled by thermostat
shading used to reduce light levels and therefore temperature
describe how to manage the environment of a mist and fogging unit to encourage the rooting process
make sure facilities and sensors clean
bottom heat controlled by thermostat
check settings and control of the mist/fogging nozzles
describe how to manage the environment of a cold frame and outdoor polythene tunnel to encourage the rooting process
make sure facilities are clean and growing media is weed free.
ameliorate soil with grit or suitable growing media to improve drainage and aeration
state the aftercare of vegetatively propagated plants after removal from the propagation facility
wean plants from propagated environment
remove dead/diseased material
foliar feed if required
harden off plants
potting off plants if required
use of crop protection measures if required
watering (close attention required)
