Judging and perceiving other Flashcards
Person perception
The different mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people
Person perception: Indirect
Hearing about the person we are judging from another source
Person perception: Direct
Information provided from the person you are judging
Attributions
evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and process of making the evaluation
Attributions: Internal
when we judge someones behaviour as being caused by something personal with in an individual
Attributions: External
When we determine the causes of behaviour as resulting from situational factors, occurring outside individual
Attitudes
Attitudes: Affective
Our emotions and intuitive feelings
Attitudes: Behavioural
Our outward and observable actions that reflect our perspective of smt
Attitudes: Cognitive
Involves our thoughts and beliefs towards smt
Stereotyping
Widely held beliefs and generalisations that all members of a group will share the same characteristics despite individuality
Cognitive dissonance
Psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings and behaviours don’t allign
- Act in a way that contradicts out beliefs
Cognitive biases
Unconscious systematic tendencies to interpret information that is neither rational nor based in objective reality
Cognitive biases: Confirmation bias
Tendancy to search for and accept information that supports prior beliefs and ignore condradictory information
Cognitive biases:
Halo effect
Tendency for impression of one quality of individual to influence overall beliefs
Cognitive biases:
False consensus bias
Tendency to over estimate how much other people share the same values as we do
Cognitive biases:
Self-serving bias
Tendency success to internal and failure to external factors
Cognitive biases:
Actor observer bias
Tendency to attribute our actions to external factors and others to internal factors
Heuristics
Strategies or ‘mental shortcuts’ that enable individuals to form judgements, decisions and solutions quickly
(+)
-Quick decisions/solutions
-Sometimes accurate
-Adaptive and protective
(-)
-Prone to error and bias
-Base rate fallacy
Base rate fallacy
Bias that is a result of heuristics
=Relies on prior experience when making decisions and solving problems
Prejudice
Pre-judgement that you make about others before interacting with them
-stereotypes become beliefs
Discrimination
Unique treatment of people due to their social group
Discrimination: Indirect
Occurs when a practise consequently disadvantages a group or person
Discrimination; Direct
Openly treated differently due to assosication with a particular group or characteristics
Stigma
Feelings of shame or digrace experienced by an individual because of stereotyping and the resulting prejudice and discrimination
Stigma: Social
Negative label caused by widespread beliefs
Stigma: Self
Result of internalisation of negative stereotypes = poor self efficiency and esteem
Reducing stigma
Education=providing knowledge and information to correct assumptions
Inter-group contact= Open disscussions to learn about others experiences
Social media= Used to call out prejudice or discrimination
Laws= Help to protect indivudals that experience discrimination
