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MSK > Joints, Synovial fluid and Cartilage > Flashcards

Joints, Synovial fluid and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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2
Q

3 examples of fibrous joints

A 
Periodontal ligament (between tooth and socket)
Cranial sutures
Interosseous membranes (in limbs, between radius and ulna and tibia and fibia)
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3
Q

Two types of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary (synchrondosis)

Secondary (Symphysis)

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4
Q

What is primary cartilaginous joints for?

A

Long bone growth

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5
Q

What do primary cartilaginous joints contain?

A

Only hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

In primary cartilaginous joints, where does the growth occur?

A

In the hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

In secondary cartilaginous joints, what do they contain?

A

Hyaline cartilage AND fibrocartilage

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8
Q

Features of a synovial joint

A

Strong collagen fibres

Synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid

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9
Q

Synovial joints may or may not contain what?

A

Articular discs e.g. TMJ
Ligaments
Bursae

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10
Q

Types of synovial joints

A 
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar (ellipsoid)
Saddle
Ball and socket
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11
Q

Which type of cartilage is mechanically the weakest?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

What gives a joint its stability?

A

Shape of articulating surfaces
Capsules and ligaments surrounding joints
Muscles surrounding or crossing joints

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13
Q

What is another name for hyaline cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage

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14
Q

Layers of hyaline cartilage

A

Superficial/tangenital layer
Transitional layer
Deep layer

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15
Q

Features of superficial/tangenital layer of hyaline cartilage

A 
Flattened chondocytes (cartilage cells) that produce collagen and glycoproteins 
Collagen fibres same direction due to shear forces -> a lot stronger and resistant to tear
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16
Q

Features of the transitional layer of hyaline cartilage

A

Round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan (this is good for binding to/attracting water)

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17
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cartilage cells

18
Q

What do chondrocytes produce?

A

Collagen

Glycoproteins

19
Q

How much water does articular/hyaline cartilage contain and what use is this?

A

> 75%

Water is incompressible and so this provides cushioning for the joint

20
Q

Definition of glycoproteins

A

Proteins to which oligosaccharide chains are attached i.e. more a protein than a carbohydrate (example; lubricin)

21
Q

Definition of proteoglycans

A

Proteins that are heavily glycosated (=a protein core to which one or more GAGs attach) i.e. tend to be more carb than protein
example; aggrecan

22
Q

Definition of glycosaminoglycans/GAGs

A

Long unbranched polysaccharides, which are highly polar and thus attract water (e.g. hyaluronic acid)

23
Q

How does cartilage get nutrients and remove the waste products?

A

By synovial fluid - produced by the synovial membrane

24
Q

Cartilage is absent of what

A

Vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics

25
Q

Another name for the synovium membrane

A

Synovium

26
Q

What produces fluid of the synovium?

A

Synoviocytes

27
Q

Features of the synovium that allow its function of transporting nutrients

A

Rich capillary network

No epithelial lining

28
Q

Transport function of synovium

A

Direct exchange of O2, CO2 and metabolites between the blood and the synovial fluid

29
Q

2 types of Synoviocytes

A

Type A

Type B

30
Q

Main producer of synovial fluid is which type of synoviocyte?

A

Type B

31
Q

What do type A Synoviocytes do?

A

Remove debris

Contribute to synovial fluid production

32
Q

Functions of the synovial fluid

A

Nutrition of cartilage (Articular, menisci/discs)
Removal of waste products
Lubrication -> less friction -> less wear

33
Q

Methods of lubrication

A

Boundary
Hydrodynamic (like aqua planning)
Weeping

34
Q

What happens during boundary lubrication?

A

Glycoproteins such as lubricin bind to receptors on an articular surface to form a thin film

35
Q

What happens during hydrodynamic lubrication?

A

Surfaces kept apart by liquid pressure -> viscosity changes with load and velocity of movement

36
Q

What happens during weeping lubrication?

A

Fluid that is present in the cartilage is squeezed out into the synovial cavity to increase the fluid volume

37
Q

Function of bursae

A

Reduce friction

38
Q

Effects of ageing on cartilage and synovial fluid

A 
Viscosity of synovial fluid increases 
- slower joint movements
- becomes more viscous
- reduced lubrication 
Water content of cartilage decreases 
- reduced shock absorption 
SO 
- less protection of articular surfaces and increased risk of damage
39
Q

What is Ehler-Danlos syndrome?

A

An autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that mostly affects type III collagen. Results in the tissue being more elastic than normal leading to joint hypermobility and increased elasticity of the skin

40
Q

Presentation of Ehler Danlos syndrome

A

Elastic, fragile skin
Joint hypermobility; recurrent dislocation
Easy bruising
Aortic regurgitation, MVP and aortic dissection
SAH
Angioid retinal streaks

41
Q

What is pectus exacavatum?

A

Breast bone sinks into chest

42
Q

What condition is pectus exacavatum seen in?

A

Marfans syndrome

MSK (25 decks)

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