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Exam 3 > Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs > Flashcards

Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

what is the coxal joint also known as? and what type of a joint is it?

A
  • acetabulofemoral joint

- ball and socket

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2
Q

the coal joints bony architecture is much stronger and more ____ (but less ___) than the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.

A
  • stable

- mobile

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3
Q

what fibro cartilage runs along the rim of the acetabulum and rings the head of the femur as it articulates with the acetabulum?

A

acetabular labrum

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4
Q

what movements is the hip joint capable of?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction/abduction
  • rotation
  • circumduction
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5
Q

the coal joint is secured by what? (3 things)

A
  1. strong fibrous capsule
  2. several ligaments
  3. powerful muscles
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6
Q

the articular capsule is extremely dense and strong. what else does it do? (4 things)

A
  1. extends from the acetabulum to the trochanters of the femur(head and neck).
  2. this prevents head from moving away from acetabulum
  3. “retinacular fibers” (SUPPLY ALMOST ALL OF THE BLOOD TO THE HEAD AND NECK OF THE FEMUR) surround the neck of of the femur and provide stability.
  4. when extended in anatomical position, there is no give.
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7
Q

what is the ‘ligamentum teres” also referred to as? Where does it originate and attach to?

A
  • “ligament of the head of the femur”

- originates along the acetabulum and attaches at the center of the head of the femur.

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8
Q

what does the ligamentum teres not do and what else does it?

A
  • NOT provide much strength to the joint

- typically contains a small artery that SUPPLIES SOME OF THE BLOOD TO THE HEAD OF THE FEMUR.

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9
Q

The knee joint is the ____ AND MOST ____.

A
  • LARGEST

- COMPLEX

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10
Q

what type of synovial joint is it? but when flexed?

A
  • hinge

- capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding movements

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11
Q

what two articulations is the knee composed of? where are they found?

A
  • tibiofemoral joint: between the condyles of the femur and condyles of the tibia
  • patellofemoral joint: between the patella and the patellar surface of the anterior distal femur
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12
Q

the knee joint has and articular capsule that encloses not what three sides of the knee joint?

A

medial, lateral, and posterior regions

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13
Q

the joint capsules of the knee does ____ what?

A
  • NOT cover the anterior surface of the knee joint.

- rather the quads femurs muscle tendon passes over the anterior surface.

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14
Q

where does the patellar ligament attach?

A

-extends interiorly to the patella and attaches on the anterior surface of the tibia(tibial tuberosity).

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15
Q

there is __ single unified capsule of the knee, nor?

A
  • NO

- common synovial cavity

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16
Q

what are the cartilage pads that help stabilize the knee?

A
  • strong collateral ligaments on the lateral and medial SIDES.
  • —-LCL
  • —-MCL
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17
Q

-What does the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) do?

A

PREVENTS THE LOWER LEG FROM MOVING TOO FAR MEDIALLY. (prevents hyperextension).

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18
Q

what does the medial collateral ligament (MCL) do?

A
  • PREVENTS THE LOWER LEG FROM MOVING TO FAR LATERALLY. (preventing hyperabduction)
  • IS ATTACHED TO THE MIDAL MENISCUS OF THE KNEE JOINT.
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19
Q

what is valgus deviation?

A
  • knees/joints come together (stuck with gum)

- DISTAL to the joint is abnormally angled AWAY from the midline of the body.

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20
Q

What are the C shaped fibrocartilage pads located on the condyles of the tibia? what do they help do?

A
  • medial meniscus & lateral meniscus

- help stabilize the joint medially and latrally and act as cushions between the articular surfaces.

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21
Q

the articulations of the knee joint are two cruciate ligaments which help/limit the femurs movement anteriorly and posteriorly on the tibia. what are they?

A
  • ACL
  • PCL
  • they make an X
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22
Q

what does the Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) run from? what does it prevent?

A
  • runs posterior from the femur and finishes anterior of the tibia
  • when the knee is extended the cal is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension.
  • prevents the tibia from moving too far anteriorly of the femur.
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23
Q

what does the Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A
  • runs from the anterioinferior femur to the posterior side of the tibia.
  • becomes tight on flexion
  • prevents hyper flexion of the knee joint.
  • prevents tibia from moving too far posteriorly of the femur.
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24
Q

what are there numerous amounts of what in the knee?

A

BURSA

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25
Q

What is “Locking” the knee?

A

locking the knees in the extended position and standing without tiring the leg muscles

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26
Q

what ligament is is frequently torn in knee dislocations?

A

the ACL

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27
Q

what types of graphs can be used in an ACL replacement?

A
  • from a cadaver (allograft)
  • from the patient itself: patellar ligament,or hamstring (autograft)
  • NOT with the quadriceps tendon.
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28
Q

what type of hinge joint is in the ankle that permits dorsiflexion and plantar flexion? how many articulations within the one joint capsule?

A
  • talocrural joint

- two

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29
Q

where are the two articulations of the talocrural joint found?

A
  1. between the distal end of the tibia and the talus.

2. between the end of the fibula and the lateral articular facets of the talus.

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30
Q

what covers the distal surface of the tibia, the medial malleolus, the lateral malleolus, and the talus?

A

articular capsule

31
Q

four ligaments support the ankle joint on the outside of the capsule. what are they?

A
  1. deltoid ligament: MEDIAL side
  2. anterior talofibular igament
  3. posterior talofibular ligament
  4. calcaneofibular ligament.
32
Q

Wheres does the deltoid ligament extend from?

A

MEDIAL side, medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, calcareous, and other tarsal bones.

  • very strong and rarely tears.
  • prevents overeversion of the foot.
33
Q

where does the anterior talofibular ligament run?

A

passes anteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus

34
Q

where does the posterior talofibular ligament run?

A

passes posteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus.

35
Q

where does the calcaneofibular (lateral) ligament run?

A

inferiorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the calcaneus.

36
Q

ankle sprains are a common type of?

A

injury

37
Q

what is the MOST COMMON cause of motion of the foot to cause a sprain?

A

EXCESSIVE INVERSION of the sole of the foot.

-resulting in partial or complete tearing of the anterior taliofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments.

38
Q

what are the joints between the tarsal bones?

A

intertarsal joints

  • gliding joints.
  • creates inversion and version of the foot.
39
Q

what joints are between the metatarsals and the phalanges of the toes? what types of movements do they allow?

A
  • metatarsophalangeal joints
  • condyloid joint
  • abduction, adduction, flexion, extension.
40
Q

what are the joints between the phalanges of the toes?

A

interphalangeal joints
-hinge joints
as seen in the fingers and the toes.

41
Q

active joints develop larger and thicker capsules and the supporting ligaments ______.

A

increase in size.

42
Q

prior to closure in the epiphyseal growth plates, some injuries to youth may result in what?

A

displacement or fracture of an epiphysis with effects on the youth’s future.

43
Q

_____ exercise is good for the joints and all parts of the human body.

A

moderate.

44
Q

what can extensive exercise lead to?

A

aggravates potential joint problems and can lead to “osteoarthritis”

45
Q

what famous people have been effected by osteoarthritis?

A

Nolan Ryan and Dorothy Hamill

46
Q

disease of the joints can be diagnosed with a speciales flexible endoscope called an ______ that is inserted into the joint capsule.

A

arthroscope.

47
Q

sever joint diseases may require what?

A

artificial prothesis.

48
Q

why are muscles considered organs?

A

because they are composed muscles tissue &

epithelial, connective, and nervous tissue

49
Q

skeletal muscles can be found where?

A

the bulges on the exterior part of the body, and also the inside of the body.

50
Q

what are smooth muscles good for?

A

propelling material through the internal tubes. (digestive tract)

51
Q

what are the cardiac muscles good for?

A

essential for the pumping of blood. (found only within the walls of the heart)

52
Q

what are the four properties of muscles tissue?

A
  1. excitability
  2. contractibility
  3. elasticity
  4. extensibility
53
Q

what does excitability mean?

A

responds to neuro electrical stimuli

54
Q

what does contractibility mean?

A

contracts to move bones or propel material inside the body.

55
Q

what does elasticity mean?

A

cells will recoil to its resting length when applies tension in removed.

56
Q

what does extensibility mean?

A

muscle cell is capable of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle cells. (stretch/extend when doing a curl)

57
Q

what are skeletal muscles cels referred to as?

A

muscle fibers

58
Q

an increase in muscle fiber size because of exercise is called what?

A

hypertrophy

59
Q

what are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  1. body movement
  2. maintenance of posture- stabilize joints
  3. temperature regulation
  4. storage and movement of materials
  5. stabilize the body walls an prevent displacement of internal structures.
60
Q

the sphincter muscles contract at openings of what?

A

gastrointestinal and urinary tract.

  • voluntary muscles.
  • closed: to STORE materials within the organ.
  • open; facilitate MOVEMENT of materials.
61
Q

at the end of each muscle lies what?

A

cordlike tendon

62
Q

sometime tendons form a thin flattened sheet call what?

A

aponeurosis

63
Q

what is the LESS MOVABLE ATTACHMENT of a muscle called?

A

origin

64
Q

in the limbs, the origin lies ____ to the insertion.

A

PROXIMAL

65
Q

the more movable attachment of a muscle is called what?

A

insertion

66
Q

in the limbs, the insertion typically lies ____ to its origin.

A

DISTAL

67
Q

An extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extend through what?

A

epimysium and perimysium

68
Q

what do blood vessels deliver to the muscle fibers?

A

nutrients and oxgen for the production of ATP

69
Q

what are skeletal muscle classified as? voluntary or involuntary? why?

A

voluntary

-controlled by the “somatic (voluntary) nervous system.

70
Q

what are the names of the neurons that stimulate muscle contraction?

A

motor neurons

  • aka efferent neurons
  • they travel AWAY from the center of activity
71
Q

what will happen if a muscle is not stimulated to contract by motor neurons?

A

atrophy

72
Q

each motor neuron has a long extension called a what?

A

axon

73
Q

what are sensory neurons called and why?

A

afferent neurons.

  • becasue they travel towards the central nervous system
  • send impulses to the brain and spinal cord about activity of the muscles.

Exam 3 (3 decks)

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