Joints of the Body Flashcards
kinesiology
the multidisciplinary study of physical activity or movement
articular system
a series of joints that allow movement if the human body
joint articulation
the connecting point of two bones
two main functions of joints
- allow motion
- provide stability
three classifications of joints
- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
- diarthroses
synarthroses joints
-bones that are held together by fibrous connective tissue
-immovable
3 types of synarthroses joints
- sutures
- syndesmoses
- gomphoses
sutures
-joint in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
-fuse completely by adulthood
-ex. skull
syndesmoses
-joint in which the bones are connected by ligaments between the bones
-ex. fib + tib and ulna + radius
gomphosis
-joint in which a conical process fits into a socket and its held in place by ligaments
-ex. tooth in socket (predonatal lig)
amphiarthroses joints
-bones that are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
-slightly movable
fibrocartilage
specialized connective tissue with thick collagen fibers
3 types of amphiarthroses joints
- costochondral + sternocostal
- symphysis pubis
- intervertebral joints
costochondral + sternocostal joints
connections of ribs to the sternum
symphysis pubis
connection of the right and left illium
intervertebral joints
joints between the vertebral bodies
diarthroses/synovial joints
-most joints in the body are this type
-freely movable
6 types of diarthroses/synovial joints
- pivot joint
- gliding joint
- hinge joint
- condyloid or ellipsoidal joint
- ball and socket joint
- saddle joint
what makes a diarthroses/ synovial joint
-ends of opposing bones are covered with articular cartilage
-seperated by space called joint cavity
-components of joint are enclosed in a dense fibrous joint capsule
-outer layer of the capsule consists of the ligaments that hold the bones together
-inner layer is the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
articular cartilage
connective tissue covering the ends of long bones
pivot joint
-freely movable
-bone moves around a central axis
-creates rotational movement
-ex. radius and ulna
glide (plane) joint
-bones make a sliding motion
-movements can be back and forth or side to side
-ex. carpals in the wrist and tarsals in ankle
ellipsoidal or condyloid joint
-formed when bones move about each other in many directions but can not rotate
-condyle-containing bone
-ex. metacarpals and phalanges
condyle
curved process that fits into a fossa on another bone for its articulation
saddle joint
-formed when two bones have both concave and convex regions
-shapes of bones will complement each other
-allows wide range of motion
-ex. only in thumb
hinge joint
-convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of the second bone
-allows only extension and flexion
-ex. knee, elbow, and phalanges
ball and socket joint
-one bone has a rounded end that fits into a concave cavity on another bone
-provides widest range of motion
-ex. hips and shoulders
since diarthroses / synovial joints are freely moveable….
they must be stabilized so that they do not dislocate
3 vfactors influenceing stability of diarthroses and synovial joints
- shape of articular surfaces
- number and position of ligaments
- muscle tone
stable articular surface
-large and match together
-deep socket
unstable articular surface
-mismatch of articular surfaces
-shallow sockets
stable positioning of ligaments
-capsules and ligaments of synovial joints unite the bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
-the more ligaments a joint has the stronger
unstable positioning of ligaments
-if stabilizing factors are inadequate, pressure can be placed on ligaments
-if ligaments are only means of support
stable muscle tone
-muscle tendons that cross the joint are the most stablitizing factor for most joints
-tone of muscle determines how taut the tendon will be
unstable muscle tone
-inappropriate muscle tone
-shoulder, knee, and foot rely on muscle tone for stability
atlantoaxial joint
atlas and axis
glenohumeral
scapular (glenoid) and humerous
scapulothroacic
scapula and ribs
humeroulnar
humerous and ulna
radioulnar
radius and ulna
radiocarpal
radius and carpals
1sr carpometacarpal
carpals and metacarpals
metacarpalphalanx
metacarpals and phalanges
acetabulofemoral joint
acetabulum femoral head
tibiofemoral
tibia and femur
talocrural
talus and tib and fib
lumbar facet
-facet joints in each vertebra
