Joints, movements And Muscles(1.1a) Flashcards
Types of synovial joints
- Ball and Socket
- Hinge
- Condyloid
Ball and socket joint
1) examples
2) planes of movement
1) Hip, Shoulder
2) -frontal
- sagittal
- transverse
Hinge joint
1) examples
2) planes of movement
1) Elbow, Knee, Ankle
2) sagittal
Condyloid joint
1) examples
2) planes of movement
1) Wrist
2) frontal, sagittal
Flexion
Joint angle decreases
Sagittal
Extension
Joint angle increases
Sagittal
Abduction
Limb moves away from midline
Frontal
Adduction
Limb moves towards midline
Frontal
Horizontal flexion
Limb parallel to ground moves forward
Transverse
Horizontal extension
Limb parallel to ground moves backwards
Transverse
Medial rotation
Limb turns about its longitudinal axis towards midline of body
(Transverse)
Lateral rotation
Limb turns about its longitudinal axis away from midline of body
(Transverse)
Circumduction
Limb moves to describe a cone. Draws circle
Multiplane
Dorsi- Flexion
Toes lifted up towards shin
Sagittal
Plantar-flexion
Toes pointed down towards ground
Sagittal
Antagonistic muscle pairs at shoulder
1) Anterior Deltoid/Posterior Deltoid
2) Medial Deltoid/ Latissimus Dorsi
3) Pectoralis Major/Teres Minor
Antagonistic muscle pair at Elbow
Bicep Brachii/Tricep Brachii
Antagonistic muscle pair at Wrist
Wrist Flexors/ Wrist Extensors
Antagonistic muscle pairs at Hip
1) Iliopsoas/ Gluteus Maximus
2) Gluteus Medias and Minimus/ Adductor Longus, Brevis and Magnus
Antagonistic muscle pair at Knee
Hamstring group -Biceps femoris -Semi- Membranosus -Semi-Tendinosus / Quadriceps group -Rectus Femoris -Vastus Lateralis -Vastus Intermedius -Vastus Medialis
Antagonistic muscle pair at ankle
Tibialis Anterior/ Gastrocnemius & Soleus
Types of movement at hip joint
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation
Flexion at Hip joint
1) plane of movement
2) agonist muscle
3) antagonist muscle
4) fixator muscle
1) sagittal
2) Iliopsoas
3) Gluteus Maximus
4) Latissimus dorsi
Extension at Hip joint
1) plane of movement
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) sagittal
2) Gluteus Maximus
3) Iliopsoas
4) Latissimus dorsi
Abduction at Hip joint
1) plane of movement
2) Agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) frontal
2) Gluteus Medias and Minimus
3) Adductor Longus, Brevis, Magnus
4) Latissimus dorsi
Adduction at Hip joint
1) plane of movement
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) frontal
2) Adductor Longus Brevis and Magnus
3) Gluteus Medias and Minimus
4) Iliopsoas
Medial rotation at Hip joint
1) plane of movement
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) transverse
2) Gluteus Medias and Minimus
3) Gluteus Maximus
4) Latissimus dorsi and Iliopsoas
Lateral rotation at Hip
1) plane of movement
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) transverse
2) Gluteus maximus
3) Gluteus Medias and Minimus
4) Latissimus dorsi
Flexion at shoulder joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) sagittal
2) Anterior Deltoid
3) Posterior Deltoid
4) Trapezius
Extension at shoulder joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) sagittal
2) Posterior Deltoid
3) Anterior Deltoid
4) Trapezius
Abduction at shoulder joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) frontal
2) medial Deltoid
3) Latissimus dorsi
4) Trapezius
Adduction at shoulder joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) frontal
2) Latissimus dorsi
3) Medial Deltoid
4) Trapezius
Horizontal Flexion at shoulder
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator (not in spec)
1) transverse
2) Pectoralis Major
3) Teres Minor
Horizontal Extension
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) transverse
2) Teres Minor
3) Pectoralis Major
4) Trapezius
Medial rotation at shoulder joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) transverse
2) Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus dorsi
3) Posterior Deltoid,Teres Minor
4) Trapezius
Lateral rotation at shoulder joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
1) transverse
2) Posterior Deltoid, Teres Minor
3) Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus dorsi
4) Trapezius
Circumduction at shoulder joint
1) plane of movement
2) agonist /antagonist / fixator
1) multiplane
2) A combination of all shoulder joint muscles
Flexion at Knee joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
5) sporting example
1)sagittal
2)Hamstring group:
Biceps femoris
Semi-membranosus
Semi-Tendinosus
3)Quadriceps group
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis
4)Gluteus Maximus
5)Preparation phase of a kick
Extension at Knee joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
5) sporting example
1)sagittal
2)Quadriceps group:
Rectus femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis
3)Hamstring group:
Biceps femoris
Semi-membranosus
Semi-Tendinosus
4)Iliopsoas
5)driving phase of rowing stroke
Plantar Flexion at ankle joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
5) sporting example
1) sagittal
2) Gastrocnemius and Soleus
3) Tibialis Anterior
4) Quadriceps group
5) taking a long shot in football
Dorsi Flexion at Ankle joint
1) plane
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) fixator
5) sporting example
1) sagittal
2) tibialis Anterior
3) Gastrocnemius and Soleus
4) Hamstring group
5) controlling the ball from a lob pass in football
Types of contraction
1) Isotonic
2) Isometric
Isotonic description and types
The muscle is changing length while exerting a force.
1) Concentric Isotonic (muscle shortens)
2) Eccentric Isotonic (muscle lengthens)
Isometric description
The muscle is not changing length while exerting a force
Stops movement
Concentric Isotonic description
Muscle shortens while exerting force
It causes movement
Eccentric Isotonic description
Muscle lengthens while exerting force
Controls movement
-Muscle acts like a break to control lowering movement of press up
-muscle usually works against gravity
Concentric Isotonic example
Triceps brachii and pectoralis major in upwards phase of press up
Eccentric Isotonic example
Triceps brachii and Pectoralis major when performing downward phase of press up
Isometric example
Gymnastic balance
i.e. Biceps brachii and triceps brachii when holding a handstand
Motor unit definition
A motor neuron plus all the muscle fibres it innervates
Motor unit function
To carry impulses from the Central Nervous System (the Brain and Spinal cord) to the muscle fibres to initiate muscular contraction
Neuron
A nerve cell
Axon
Carries the electrical impulse from cell body to neuromuscular junction
Neuromuscular junction
The point where motor neuron communicates with muscle fibre across a space called the synapse
Synapse
The space between motor neuron and skeletal muscle
Motor end plate
The area of muscle fibre that establishes synaptic contact with motor neuron
1st part of nervous stimulation:
Resting potential definition
The neuron at rest. There is a lower charge inside the neuron than outside
2nd part of nervous stimulation:
Action potential definition
The electrical activity carried down the axon
3rd part of nervous stimulation:
Neurotransmitter definition
Chemical messenger that transmits across the synapse and binds to muscle fibres to initiate contraction
4th part of Nervous stimulation:
Acetyl Choline definition
The neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction that travels across the synapse
5th part of Nervous stimulation:
All or None Law definition
If the action potential threshold is reached, all muscle fibres in motor unit are activated.
If its not reached- no muscle fibres are activated
Effect of number of motor units recruited
Greater strength of stimulus from CNS-
Then, the greater the number of motor units recruited,
And, the greater force of contraction at the muscle
Types of motor units recruited and in order from first
Type 1, Type 2a, Type 2b
Type 1 motor unit description
Small
Produce low force of contraction
Over long period of time
Type 2a motor unit description
The force and time of contraction is in between Type 1 and Type 2b
Type 2b motor unit description
Large
Greatest force of contraction
Shortest period of time
