joints and structures Flashcards
what are joints
where two (or more) bones (or cartilage and bone) meet
what are the functions of joints
movement and flexibility
stability/attachment between bones
what are types of connective tissues
- skeletal muscle
- fibrous tissue
- tendon
- ligament
- cartilage
what is cartilage
firmer than other types of conective tissues
3 functions:
- provide support / strength
- smooth, reduced friction surface at joints
- involved in development/growth of bones
hyaline cartilage?
very smooth and blue/white in appearance
fibrocartilage?
very tough/ slightly flexible connective tissue
elastic fibrocartilage?
flexible tissue providing shape/support
what are solid joints?
bones connected by either dense fibrous CT or cartilage
function mainly for support/strength
movement much more restrcited that synovial joints
what are fibrous joints
allow virtually no movement
bones joined by strong fibrous tissue
3 types = sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
sutures?
only occur in the skull - become more fixed and immoveable
gomphoses?
occur between the teeth and mandible bone - very minimal movement overtime
syndesmoses?
variable but minimal movement - distal tib/fib distal radius/ulna
cartilaginous joints?
virtually no/minimal movement, permanent joints all in midline
synchondroses?
connected by hyaline cartilage, no/very minimal movement
symphyses?
variable movement
synovial joints?
Main classification of joints; where most movement occurs
Movement varies according to type of synovial joint
Highly specialised according to required function
synovial joint components?
Main features
(common of all)
Joint cavity
Two bones
Hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Synovial fluid
bones/hyaline cartilage?
Two opposing bones covered by hyaline
(articular cartilage)
Prevent bone-on-bone contact
Protection and reduced friction
Normally not seen on X-ray (joint space)
Thickness dependent on forces acting on joint
Thinning caused by arthritis
abdutcion?
movement away
from the midline
adduction
movement towards
the midline
rotation
turning around an axis
circumdation
circular
movement around a joint
(combination of the above)
flexion
reducing angle of joint (bending)
extension
increasing angle of joint (extending)
supination
turning upwards
pronation
turning downwards
inversion
turning sole of foot medially
eversion
turning sole of foot laterally
