Joints and ligaments Flashcards
How is a joint formed
When 2 bones articulate with each other
Synovial joints? and examples
Most common, cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid- enclosed in joint capsule.
Joint capsule 2 layers- outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane. Hyaline cartilage.
Allow great range movement
E.g Shoulder, knee, wrist joints
Fibrous joints? and examples
Connect via strong fibrous tissue- no cavity, no fluid
Little or no movement
E.g. Sutures- joints between bones of skull
Cartilaginous joints? and examples
Surfaces seperated by cartilage- 2 groups
1) Primary- connected hyaline, allow some flexibility
E.g. Ribs meet sternum
2) Secondary- connected fibrocartilage, flexible and strong
E.g. Intervertebral discs (between vertebra spine)
Secondary Cartilaginous joints? and examples
Surfaces seperated by cartilage- 2 groups
2) Secondary- connected fibrocartilage, flexible and strong
E.g. Intervertebral discs (between vertebra spine)
Six types of synovial joints and examples?
1) Ball and socket- mobile, sig range motion (rotation)- hip (stable), shoulder (weaker) increased risk dislocation
2) Hinge- sig range movement, only one plane- elbow and knee
3) Pivot- allows rotational movement- first vertebrae (C1- Atlas) pivots around second vertebrae (C2- Axis)
4) Saddle- movement in 2 planes- base of thumb- metacarpal to carpal
5) Condyloid- oval shaped ball and socket- 2 planes movement- wrist and knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)
6) Plane- surfaces flat and glide- ltd range movement- tarsals (foot), small wrist bones, acromioclavicular joint
Ligaments? and function
Band fibrous connective tissue
Attaches bone to bone
Stabilise joints and limit movement
Abduction?
Movement away from midline
Adduction?
Movement towards midline
Pronation?
Forearm- internal rotation of radius- palm faces posteriorly
Supination?
Forearm- external rotation radius- palm faces anteriorly- anatomical position
Opposition?
Thumb and little finger to reach each other
Dorsiflexion?
Ankle- foot and toes move towards shin- ‘up’
Plantarflexion?
Ankle- foot and toes move inferiorly- ‘down’
Plant ‘plant’ down
Inversion?
Foot and ankle- sole of foot faces in
Eversion?
Foot and ankle- sole of foot faces out
Protraction?
Scapula and mandible- move anteriorly- upper limb in front to push open door
Retraction?
Scapula and mandible posteriorly
Elevation?
Scapula and mandible- move superiorly- shrug shoulders
Depression?
Scapula and mandible- move inferiorly
Circumduction?
Combination flexion, extension, abduction, adduction- circular pattern
Flexion?
Bending (decrease angle between 2 parts)
Extension?
Straightening (increase angle between 2 parts)
Muscles 3 types? Striated? Examples?
1) Skeletal- throughout body, support and move joints, voluntary, striated
2) Smooth- walls of blood vessels and internal organs (intestine), involuntary (autonomic), not striated
3) Cardiac- heart, involuntary (autonomic), striated
Tendon?
Muscle to bone
Ligament?
Bone to bone
Tendons formation?
Strong connective tissue
Some rounded
Some flat sheets- aponeuroses
Muscle between tendons- belly
What is origin and insertion muscles?
Origin- bone
Insertion- part moves
4 main shapes of skeletal muscles?
1) Parallel- weaker, shorten a lot
2 types-
- Fusiform- long tendon each end,
bulge middle e.g biceps brachii
- Strap- belt shaped- uniform
e.g. rectus abdominis
2) Convergent- fan shaped, broad attachment one end e.g. pectoralis major on anterior chest wall
3) Circular- arranged in rings around structure- sphincters e.g. muscles round eyes
4) Pennate- fibres arranged in direction muscle acts, v powerful, can’t shorten as much
3 types-
- Unipennate- diag one side feather
e.g. extensor digitorum longus (leg)
- Bipennate- V shaped both feather
e.g. rectus femoris (thigh)
- Multipennate- many bipennate
attach one tendon e.g. deltoid
What does a motor unit consist of?
Single motor neuron
Axon
Muscle fibres it supplies
Upper limbs?
Evolved dexterity and mobile
Lower limb?
Support and weight bearing
Upper limbs diagram
Lower limbs diagram
How many vertebra?
33
Name 5 categories of vertebra and how many of each?
Cervical- 7 C1-C7- neck
Thoracic- 12 T1-T12- thorax
Lumbar- 5 L1-L5- abdomen
Sacral- 5 S1-S5- pelvis- fused into sacrum
Coccygeal- 4 CO1-4- pelvis- fused into coccyx
Thoracic?
Thoracic- 12 T1-T12- thorax
Cervical?
Cervical- 7 C1-C7- neck
Lumbar?
Lumbar- 5 L1-L5- abdomen
Sacral?
Sacral- 5 S1-S5- pelvis- fused into sacrum
Coccygeal?
Coccygeal- 4 CO1-4- pelvis- fused into coccyx
Why is the vertebral column curved?
Help absorb shock
Cervical and lumbar curve anteriorly to form cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis
Thoracic and sacral curve posteriorly to form thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis
What allows vertebral column movement?
Intervertebral discs
Draw and label diagram of vertebra
What are 5 types of vertebra and how many
Cervical C1-C7
Thoracic T1-T12
Lumbar L1-L5
Sacral S1-S5
Coccygeal C1-C4
Cervical distinguishing features?
C1-C7
Bifid spinous process
Holes in transverse processes- transverse foramen
What is this?
Cervical vertebra
C1?
Atlas- no body or spinous process
Rotation of head
C2?
Axis- dens
Rotation of head
Thoracic distinguishing features?
Long, sharp downward sloping spinous process
Additional articular facets for attachment of ribs and heart shaped bodies
What is this?
Thoracic vertebra
Lumbar distinguishing features?
Short, blunt spinous process
Large, oval shaped body
What is this?
Lumbar vertebra
Sacaral and coccygeal distinguishing features?
Sacral- S1-S5 fused into sacrum
Articulates with L and R hip bones to form pelvis
Coccygeal- Co1-C04 fused to form coccyx
What is this?
Sacral and coccyx vertebra
