Joints and ligaments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a joint?

A

Articulation of two bones as they meet / connect

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2
Q

What does Joint Structure determine

A

Determines direction and distance of movement

Range of Motion (ROM)

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3
Q

3 structural Classes of Joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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4
Q

3 Functional classes: based on degree of motion

A
  • Synarthrosis: non-movable
  • Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
  • Diarthrosis: freely movable
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5
Q

Characteristics of fibrous joints

A

United by fibrous connective tissue
•Have no joint cavity
•Move little or not at all

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6
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  • Sutures- no movement (skull)
  • Syndesmoses- little movement (DRUJ)
  • Gomphosis- Fibrous peg into socket (tooth)
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7
Q

Properties of Fibrous Joints: Sutures

A

Opposing bones interdigitate. •Periosteum of one bone is continuous with the periosteum of the other.•Sutural ligament: two periostea plus dense, fibrous, connective tissue between.•In adults may ossify completely: synostosis. •Fontanels: membranous areas in the suture between bones. Allow change in shape of head during birth and rapid growth of the brain after birth.

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8
Q

Properties of Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

A

Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments
•Some movement may occur
•Examples: radioulnar (interosseous membrane)

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9
Q

What is a Cartilaginous Joint

primary and secondary

A

2 bones united by continuous pad or cartilage
•Primary= synchrondosis
•Hyaline cartilage
•Occur at epiphyseal growth plates

  • Secondary= symphysis
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Occur in midline of body
  • Small range of controlled movement
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10
Q

Cartilaginous Joints properties

A

Joined by hyaline cartilage
•Little or no movement
•Some are temporary and are replaced by synostoses
•Some are permanent
•Some like costochondral joints develop into synovial joints
•Examples: Epiphyseal plates, sternocostal jt, sphenooccipital

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11
Q

Synovial Joints properties

A

Class of freely mobile joints
•Allow considerable movement
•Contain synovial fluid
•Movement limited by …•Muscle•Ligament •Joint capsule•Shape

•Most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial skeleton.

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12
Q

explain a uniaxial Synovial Joints

A

Occurring around one axis, e.g. •Elbow•Ankle

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13
Q

explain a biaxial Synovial Joints

A

Occurring around two axes at right angles to each other, e.g. •MCPJ (metacarple phalangeal joint)
•RCJ (radiocarpal joint)

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14
Q

explain a multiaxial Synovial Joints

A

Occurring around several axes, e.g.

•Shoulder•Hip

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15
Q

Plane or gliding joints properties

A

Uniaxial. Some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures, e.g.:Intervertebral, intercarpal, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal, costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsa

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16
Q

Saddle joints properties

A

Biaxial, e.g.Thumb (carpometacarpal pollicis), intercarpal, sternoclavicular

17
Q

Hinge joints properties

A

Uniaxial. Convex cylinder in one bone; corresponding concavity in the other e.g.:Elbow, ankle, interphalangea

18
Q

Pivot joints properties

A

Uniaxial. Rotation around a single axis.•Cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament e.g.: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas (atlantoaxial), proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

19
Q

Ball-and-socket properties

A

Multiaxial•Examples: shoulder and hip joints

20
Q

Ellipsoid (Condyloid)

A

Modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces are ellipsoid•Biaxial•Example: atlantooccipital

21
Q

What is the role of Synovial cartilage (hyaline

A

cushions the joint absorbs shock and prevents friction and wear and tear between the bone ends.

22
Q

Synovial membrane function

A

connective tissue which lines the inner surface of the capsule of a synovial joint and secretes synovial fluid which serves a lubricating function, allowing joint surfaces to smoothly move across each other

23
Q

joint Capsule function

A

Encloses joint

Vital to the function of synovial joints. It seals the joint space, provides passive stability by limiting movements, provides active stability

24
Q

Ligament function

A

Ligaments tough, fibrous connective tissue

connect bone to bone and helps to keep them stabilized within a joint space

25
Q

Fat pad function

A

protective cushion / shock absorbstion

26
Q

Bursa function

A

Friction reduction

Pockets of synovial membrane and fluid that extend from the joint. Found in areas of friction•Bursitis

27
Q

Articular discs are in which joints?•Temperomandibular, Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular

A

•Temperomandibular,
Sternoclavicular,
Acromioclavicular

28
Q

Menisci functions

A

Fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee

29
Q

tendons function

A

Join contractile muscle to bone

•Stabilisation

30
Q

muscle functions

A

Primary movement force

31
Q

Tendon sheaths - what are they?

A

•Synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass near or over bone