Joints and Cartilages

Question 1

What is inside cartilage?

Answer 1

-Chondroblasts turning into chondrocytes
-Fibres made of protein, called collagen.
-chondrin (protein and carbohydrates)

Question 2

Types of cartilage?

Answer 2

-Hyaline
-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic

Question 3

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 3

Weakest, tightly packed fibres. Cells inside fine granular matrix. Most dense.

Question 4

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 4

Springy cartilage, elastic and collagen fibres.

Question 5

Fibrocartilage

Answer 5

Strongest cartilage, dense wavey collagen fibres. Not most dense due to small spaces allowing compression.

Question 6

Function of Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 6

Support, flexibility, movement.

Question 7

Function of Elastic Cartilage

Answer 7

Support, framework, elasticity.

Question 8

Function of Fibrocartilage

Answer 8

Support, strength, protection.

Question 9

Joints

Answer 9

Where two or more bones come together.

Question 10

Structural Classification

Answer 10

Based on how the bones are connected together. (type of connective tissue between bones).

Question 11

Functional Classification

Answer 11

Based on degree of movement they permit.

Question 12

Types of Joints

Answer 12

-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial

Question 13

Fibrous Joint

Answer 13

Immobile or nearly immobile.
Bones firmly connected by dense fibrous connective tissue.

Question 14

Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 14

Limited mobility/semi moveable joints.
Bones flexibly connected by hyaline cartilage on fibrocartilage.

Question 15

Synovial Joint

Answer 15

Freely movable or highly movable joints.
Bones don’t touch, move in fluid-filled synovial joint capsule.

Question 16

Ball and socket joint

Answer 16

Ball shaped surface fits into a cup shaped socket. Allows rotation in several axes. Widest range of motion among all joints.

Question 17

Condyloid

Answer 17

Oval shaped surface fits into a bowl-shaped socket. Allows side to side and up and down motion, no rotation.

Question 18

Gliding joint

Answer 18

Surfaces that are flat or slightly curved that slide. No rotation due to one plane.

Question 19

Hinge joint

Answer 19

Tube shaped surface fits into a concave socket. Motion only one plane, like a door hinge.

Question 20

Pivot joint

Answer 20

Round-shaped surface that rotates in a ring-shaped surface. Rotational motion only. axis/atlas vertebrae.

Question 21

Saddle Joint

Answer 21

Concave shaped surface fits into a convex surface, movement like condyloid but greater. thumb.

Question 22

Fibrous capsule

Answer 22

Fibrous connective tissue attached to the periosteum of the articulating bones.

Question 23

Synovial membrane

Answer 23

Loose connective tissue supplies with blood capillaries.

Question 24

Synovial fluid

Answer 24

Secreted by synovial membrane, lubricates joint, provides nourishment to cartilage cells, contains white blood cells.

Question 25

Articular discs

Answer 25

Divide synovial cavity into two allowing synovial fluid to move to the areas of high friction.

Question 26

Articular Cartilage

Answer 26

Covers the articulating surfaces providing a smooth surface.

Question 27

Bursa

Answer 27

Little sacs of synovial fluid that prevent friction between bone and ligament, tendon or skin.

Question 28

Ligaments

Answer 28

Hold bones together, attaches bone to bone.

Question 29

Articular Capsule

Answer 29

Encloses the joint, comprised of two layers.

Question 30

Flexion and extension

Answer 30

Decreasing joint angle, increasing joint angle.

Question 31

Abduction and Adduction

Answer 31

Moving away from body midline, moving towards body midline.

Question 32

Lateral Rotation and Medial Rotation

Answer 32

Rotation away from body midline, rotation towards body midline.

Question 33

Osteoarthritis

Answer 33

When flexible tissue at ends of bones wear down.

Question 34

Osteoporosis

Answer 34

Bones become porous, weak and brittle.

Question 35

Osteoarthritis Cause

Answer 35

Protective cartilage at bone ends wear down overtime. Most common in hands, knees, hips, spine. Risk factors: age, inflammation, joint injury, mechanical stress, obesity.

Question 36

Osteoporosis

Answer 36

Creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with loss of old bone. Bones become weak and brittle. Fall/stress can cause fracture. High risk: white/asian women, past menopause.

Question 37

Osteoarthritis Treatment

Answer 37

Medications, physical therapy, sometimes surgery.

Question 38

Osteoporosis Treatment

Answer 38

Medications, healthy diet, weight-bearing exercise.