Joints

Question 1

Name ligaments of knee joint.

Answer 1

1. Fibrous capsule with synovial memb.
2. Ligamentum Patellae
   3 TCL and FCL
3. ACL and PCL
4. Oblique popliteal lig
5. Medial and lateral menisci
6. Arcuate Ligament
7. Transverse lig
8. Coronary lig
9. Menisco-femoral ligament

Question 2

Bursae around knee joints.

Answer 2

In front: 4

1) Subcutaneous Prepatellar
2) Subcutaneous Infrapatellar
3) Deep patellar bursa
4) Suprapatellar bursa

Laterally:

1) Deep to lateral head of Gastrocnemius
2) Between FCL and tendon of popliteus
3) Between FCL and tendon of Biceps femoris
4) Between tendon of popliteus and lateral condyle of tibia

Medially: 4

1) Anserine bursa
2) Deep to medial head of gastrocnemius
3) Deep to TCL
4) Deep to tendon of semimembranosus

Medially:

Question 3

How is the patella fractured?

Answer 3

1. Patella is commonly fractured, causing crippling of knee and accumulation of blood within the joint.
2. Occurs mostly due to indirect violence.
3. While walking, the supporting lower limb may slip forwards and fall on that side. The other limb which is in the position of flexed-knee in the swing phase will reflexly and suddenly extend.
4. The articular surface of patella shifts from middle pair to the lower pair of facets (instead of upper pair).
5. The patella gets pulled between the suddenly contracting Quadriceps femoris and the Ligamentum patellae.
6. Thus it gets fractured along a transverse line, dividing the bone into an upper large segment and smaller lower segment.

Question 4

What is the terrible triad/ unhappy triad?

Answer 4

The terrible triad refers to the 3 most commonly fractured ligaments of the knee joint— Tibial Collateral lig, Medial meniscus, Ant Cruciate lig.

• TCL is fractured in case of a lateral blow to the knee when foot is on the ground. The attached medial meniscus may also get torn.
• If Medial meniscus is torn, person will have pain while medially rotating the leg at the knee joint.

-Ant Cruciate ligament may get torn along with the other two.
In case of an anterior blow to the flexed knee, only the ACL gets torn.

Question 5

Type and Formation of Hip Joint. Enumerate Ligaments of Hip Joint.

Answer 5

Type: Ball and Socket variety of Synovial Joint.

Formation:

1) Head of femur (>half of a sphere)
2) Acetabulum of Hip Joint which has 3 features – lunate surface, acetabular notch and fossa. Only lunate surface is articular.

Ligaments:

• Capsular Ligament
• 3 intracapsular - Ligament of Head of femur, Transverse Acetabular Ligament, Acetabular Labrum
• 3 Extracapsular - Iliofemoral (Bigelow), Ischiofemoral, Pubofemoral