Joints Flashcards
Coxofemoral joint (hip)
Functionally diarthrodial joint
Structurally synovial, ball and socket joint
Multiaxial joint that rotates around 3 axes in all three planes of movement
Iliofemoral ligament
Covers most of the anterior aspect of the hip joint Proximal attachment: anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular rim
Distal attachment: intertrochanteric line of femur
-prevents hyperextension of the thigh and sees the head of the femur into the acetabulum to help strengthen and stabilize the hip joint
Pubofemoral ligament
Proximal attachment: pubic part of the acetabular rim and iliopubic eminence
Distal attachment: blends w/ medial part of iliofemoral ligament
-checks hyperabduction, aids in hyperextenion prevention of the thigh, strengthen the anterior and inferior parts of capsule
Ischiofemoral ligament
Proximal attachment: ischial portion of the acetabular rim
Distal attachment: spirals around the posterior neck and attaches to anterior neck medial to great trochanter
-prevents hyperextension of joint and strengthens the posterior capsule
Ligamentum teres
Intracapsular ligament
Proximal attachment: acetabular notch and transverse acetabular ligament
Distal: fovea capitis on femur
-does not aid in stabilization, but does have the artery to the head of the femur running through it
Tibiofemoral joint
Articulation between the tibia and femur bones
Functionally diarthrodial joint
Structurally modified synovial, hinge (modified because there is some rotation)
Very weak joint, relying on muscles and ligaments for support
Medial and lateral menisci
Help deepen concavity of the knee joint, provide proprioception, help lubricate joint, provide shock absorption by increasing surface area, and help with tensional forces of joint
Articulating surfaces of the tibia (knee joint)
medial and lateral tibial plateaus
Articulating surfaces of the femur (knee joint)
medial and lateral femoral condyles
-convex structures are covered with hyaline cartilage
Lateral meniscus
“O shaped”
Attached to intercondylar area:
-posteriorly: anterior to PCL
-anteriorly: posterior to ACL
Attached posteriorly to populates m. and has coronary ligaments allowing more movement than MM (possibly why LM is less commonly injured)
Medial meniscus
“C shaped”
Anterior horn: attaches to anterior portion of the intercondylar area anterior to ACL
Posterior horn: attaches to posterior portion of the intercondylar area anterior to the PCL
-medial attachment with the MCL
MM is fixed strongly to the medial tibial plate via coronary ligaments which allow little displacement,
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
Strong wide flat band of connective tissue
Proxiamal attachment: medial femoral epicondyle
Distal: medial tibial condyle
roughly the midpoint, fibers of MCL are strongly attached to medial meniscus
primarily checks tibial abduction, secondarily checks hyperextension
Lateral (femoral) collateral ligament
Very strong, cord like ligament
Extends from lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the fibular head
Primary checks tibial adduction, second prevents hyperextension
Anterior cruciate ligament
Extends posteriorly, superiorly and laterally to attach to the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle
Checks anterior translation of the tibia on the femur and hyperextension of the leg
Posterior cruciate ligament
Stronger than ACL
Extends from the posterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle
Checks posterior translation of the tibia on the femur and will also help check hyper flexion of the leg
“unhappy triad”
Injury to the ACL, MCL and medial meniscus
Commonly caused by trauma to the posterolateral knee
Also can be caused by pivot shift injury (non contact) caused by quick deceleration, flexion of the knee, and lateral rotation of the femur and a values force (“cutting in”)
Superior tibiofibular joint
Synovial, planar joint between the fibular head and the lateral tibial condyle
Movement of the joint is minimal, but may help with proper mechanics of the talocrural joint
Inferior tibiofibular joint
Fibrous syndesmosis joint held together by ligaments
-between the tibia and fibula is the interosseous membrane
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
located on the anterior surface of the joint
Interosseous tibiofibular ligament
continuation of the interosseous membrane, strongest of the tibiofibular ligaments and is the most responsible for holding the joint together
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
located on the posterior surface of the joint
High ankle sprain (syndesmotic ankle sprain)
Injury at tibiofibular joint caused by lateral rotation of the foot (can also occur by forced dorsiflexion)
Very hard to treat because any step taken continually aggravates the damaged tissues
Talocrural joint (ankle)
Synovial hinge joint formed by trochlea of talus (articulating with tibia) and the fibula
- all articular surfaces are covered in hyaline cartilage and there is also a strong capsule surrounding the joint
- strengthened by two sets of ligaments; lateral and deltoid ligaments (do not allow movement)
Anterior talofibular ligament (lateral)
Extends from the anterior portion of the lateral malleolus to the talar neck
Will help check plantar flexion and inversion
Calcaneofibular ligament (lateral)
Extends from the apex of the lateral malleolus to the lateral part of the calcaneous
Will help heck dorsiflexion and inversion
Posterior talofibular ligament (lateral)
Extends from the posterior portion of the lateral malleolus to the posterior talus
Helps check dorsiflexion and inversion
Anterior tibiotalar ligament (deltoid)
Deep fibers extend from anterior medial malleolus to the talus
Check eversion of talocrural joint
Tibiocalcaneal ligament (deltoid)
Extends from the apex of the medial malleolus to the sustentaculu tali
Check eversion of talocrural joint
Posterior tibiotalar ligament (deltoid)
Runs from the posterior part of the medial malleolus to the posteromedial talus
Check eversion of talocrural joint
Arches of the foot
Transverse arch
Medial part of longitudinal arch
Lateral part of longitudinal arch
Supported by many ligaments in the foot
Long plantar ligament
Forms a tunnel for the tendon of fibularis longus m.
Helps to maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot, extends from the plantar surface of the calcaneus to cuboid and the metatarsal bases (2-5)
Short plantar ligament
Helps maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot, turns from the anteroinferior calcaneus to the plantar surface of the cuboid
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Plays important role in the transfer of the weight from the talus and helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch
Extends from the plantar surface of the sustentaculum tali to the posteroinferior surface of the navicular
Muscles acting on the knee joint: Flexion
semimembranosus semitendinosus biceps femoris sartorius gracilis popliteus gastrocnemius plantaris
Muscles acting on the knee joint: Extension
quadriceps femoris
tensor fascia latae
Muscles acting on the knee joint: medial rotation
popliteus semimembranosus semitendinosus sartorius gracilis
Muscles acting on the knee joint: lateral rotation
biceps femoris
Muscles acting on the hip: flexors
Iliopsoas Sartorius Tensor fascia lata Rectus femoris Pectineus Adductor longus, brevis, magnus (ant.) Gracilis
Muscles acting on the hip: Adductors
Adductor longus, brevis, magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
Obturator externus
Muscles acting on the hip: lateral rotators
obturator internus and externus gemelli piriformis quadratus femoris gluteus maximus
Muscles acting on the hip: extensors
semimembranosus semitendinosus long head of biceps femurs addcutor magnus gluteus maximus
Muscles that act on hip: medial rotators
gluteus medius, minimus
tensor fascia lata
Muscles that act on hip: abductors
gluteus medius, minimus
tensor fascia lata
