Joints Flashcards
What are the four types of bone joint?
Immovable/fixed (skull)
Gliding (wrist and ankle)
Hinge (elbow and knee)
Ball and socket (shoulder and hip)
What are features of immovable/fixed bones?
Fibrous connective tissue/cartilage between bone surfaces.
Lack of movement and joint cavity
Bone edges are close and may interlock
Located where movement of joints should be prevented
What are the features of gliding bones?
Bones meeting at flat or nearly flat surfaces
Allow gliding in any direction
What are the features of hinge joints?
Plantar and dorsiflexion (up and down)
Only move along one axis to flex or extend
What are the features of ball and socket joints?
Greatest degree of freedom
Lots of movement
How many planes of movement do immovable/fixed joints have?
No movement
How many planes of movement do gliding joints have?
More than one due to many bones sliding over each other
How many planes of movement do hinge joints have?
One
How many planes of movement do ball and socket joints have?
More than one
What are the functions of ligaments?
Join bone to bone and stabilise the joint
What are the functions of tendons?
Join muscle to bone and allow movement
What is the function of cartilage?
Reduce friction between bones
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricate the joint and reduce friction
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Produce synovial fluid
What is the function of the capsule?
Support and protect joint
Which bones meet at the hip synovial ball and socket joint?
Pelvis and femur
What are the three symptoms of arthritis?
Joint pain, stiffness and discomfort
What bones/joints does osteoarthritis affect?
Mostly hips and knees
What bone/joint does rheumatoid arthritis affect?
Wrists and hands
What are the two types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
What are the causes of osteoarthritis?
Degenerative, irreversible condition
Repeated vigorous exercise can result in hyaline cartilage being worn away faster than it can be replaced
The breakdown products are released into the joint cavity. Cells lining the joint remove them and it causes inflammation, swelling, stiffening and pain
Ligaments may thicken and bone spurs grow limiting movement
What are the causes of rheumatoid arthritis?
Immune system recognise proteins in the synovium as foreign
Inflammation thickens the synovium and the joint swells and becomes painful as well as restricting movement
Bone loses shape and alignment as tendons and ligaments weaken
What risk factors lead to the development of osteoarthritis?
Older people
Obesity
Repeated flexing of joint
What risk factors lead to development of rheumatoid arthritis?
Genetic and environmental
Cold and damp weather
Smoking
Red meat
High caffeine intake
What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
Physiotherapy
Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs injected into joints
Joint replacement
Biologic agents - stops the process - new and expensive
What is the treatment for osteoarthritis?
Non-steroid anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAI) e.g. aspirin
Physiotherapy
Joint replacement
What are the advantages of joint replacement?
Relief from long term pain
Decreased drug use
Increased mobility
Restore quality of life
What are the disadvantages of joint replacement?
Risks from surgery e.g. clots and infection
Long recovery time
Increased risk of dislocation
Only lasts 15-20 years and second replacement further increases the risks
What is a first class lever?
When the fulcrum is located between the load and the effort
What is a second class lever?
When the load is located between the fulcrum and the effort
What is a third class lever?
When the effort is located between the fulcrum and the load
What is an example of a first class lever?
Joint between the head and the first vertebra
Load = head
Fulcrum = joint
Effort = muscles attaching to head
What is an example of a second class lever?
Lower leg when on tiptoes
What is an example of a third class lever?
Bicep curl
What is an antagonistic pair?
As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes
What is the origin in antagonistic pairs?
The origin is the attachment site that doesn’t move during contraction
What is the insertion in antagonistic pairs?
The insertion is the attachment site that does move during contraction
