Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology - Component 3 > Adaptions for nutrition > Flashcards

Adaptions for nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that makes it’s own complex organic materials via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a photoautotroph?

A

An organism that uses light energy to make complex organic materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a chemoautotroph?

A

An organism that uses chemical energy to make complex organic materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organism that consumes ready-made complex organic material (it’s food) e.g. animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does holozoic mean?

A

A type of heterotrophic nutrition performed by most animals where organisms obtain nourishment by ingesting and internally processing complex organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are saprophytes?

A

Organisms that feed on dead, decaying matter by extracellular digestion and absorption of the products of digestion e.g. fungi, bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that obtains nutrients from another living organism, it’s host, to which it causes harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do unicellular organisms e.g. amoeba gain nutrition?

A

Holozoic nutrition
Nutrients diffuse across cell membrane
Larger products absorbed by endocytosis into food vacuoles
Products absorbed into cytoplasm
Indigestible remains egested via exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do simple multicellular organisms e.g. Hydra gain nutrition?

A

Extend tentacles and discharge stinging cells to paralyse prey
Prey to hollow body cavity through mouth
Endodermal cells secrete protease and lipase
Prey extracellularly digested
Products absorbed by cells
Indigestible remains egested through mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do complex organisms e.g. humans need a more complex digestive system than other simple organisms?

A

Have a more complex and varied diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do saprophytes gain nutrition?

A

Feed on dead decaying matter
Extend hyphae into food material
Digestive enzymes secreted (protease, lipase, amylase and cellulase)
Soluble products absorbed by diffusion and active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

Microscopic saprotroph involved in decaying leaf litter and recycling nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a detritivore?

A

A type of heterotroph that consumes dead and decaying organic matter e.g. cockroach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

Breakdown food
Absorb nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

Produce saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Carry food from the mouth to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Produce hydrochloric acid to breakdown the food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter muscle?

A

Controls the amount of food leaving the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Receive juices from the gall bladder and the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Where most the digested food is absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the bile duct?

A

Takes bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Produce enzymes which pass into the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Store bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the colon/large intestine?

A

Where most the water is absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the function of the rectum?
Store waste faeces for several hours
26
What is the function of the anus?
Controls the passing of the faeces
27
Which part of the digestive system produces saliva?
Salivary glands
28
Which part of the digestive system carries food from the mouth to the stomach?
The oesophagus
29
Which part of the digestive system produces hydrochloric acid?
The stomach
30
Which part of the digestive system controls the amount of food leaving the stomach?
The pyloric sphincter muscle
31
Which part of the digestive system receives juices from the gall bladder and the pancreas?
The duodenum
32
Which part of the digestive system is where most the digested food is absorbed?
The ilium
33
Which part of the digestive system takes bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum?
The bile duct
34
Which part of the digestive system produces enzymes which pass into the duodenum?
The pancreas
35
Which part of the digestive system stores bile?
The gall bladder
36
Which part of the digestive system is where most the water is absorbed?
The colon/large intestine
37
Which part of the digestive system stores waste faeces for several hours?
The rectum
38
Which part of the digestive system controls the passing of faeces?
The anus
39
What do peptic/chief cells do?
Secrete pepsinogen (inactive precursor to pepsin) Endopeptidase
40
What is the result of peptic/chief cells?
Contact with HCl turns it into pepsin
41
What do oxyntic cells do?
Secrete HCl into stomach
42
What is the result of oxyntic cells?
Kill bacteria Provide optimum pH for enzymes Convert pepsinogen to pepsin
43
What do goblet cells do?
Produce mucus
44
What is the result of goblet cells?
Form protective layer on stomach wall against pepsin and HCl. Lubrication of bolus
45
What does muscularis do?
Cause peristalsis
46
What is the result of muscularis?
Food pushed through stomach by repeated contractions Circular and longitudinal smooth muscles alternate contraction
47
Which muscles contract during peristalsis (muscularis)?
Circular smooth muscles and longitudinal smooth muscles alternate contraction
48
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
Control amount of food leaving the stomach to the duodenum
49
What does protease/peptidase do?
Break down proteins
50
How do endopeptidases work?
Catalyse hydrolysis. Break peptide bonds in the middle of polypeptides (interior peptide bonds)
51
What secretes pepsinogen?
Chief cells in the stomach
52
What secretes trypsinogen?
The pancreas
53
How does trypsinogen become trypsin?
Trypsinogen enters the duodenum via the pancreatic duct Activated by enteropeptidase (produced by duodenum) into trypsin
54
Why would some enzymes be secreted as inactive enzymes?
If active they would break down the pancreas cells
55
How do exopeptidases work?
Catalyse hydrolysis. Break peptide bonds at the ends of polypeptide chain
56
What do dipeptidases do?
Break down dipeptides into amino acids
57
Where are dipeptidases found?
In the membrane of the epithelium cells in the duodenum and ileum
58
What are the dimers?
Maltose, sucrose, lactose and dipeptides
59
What breaks down carbohydrates?
Carbohydrases
60
What is amylase produced by?
Salivary glands
60
What are the five features of the ileum which makes it a good exchange surface?
Lots of villi and microvilli, meaning a large SA for diffusion Large blood supply - steeper diffusion gradient 1 cell thick - shorter diffusion gradient Lots of mitochondria - ATP for active transport Moist - goblet cells produce mucus which aids diffusion
61
How are carbs and proteins absorbed from the ileum?
Na+ actively transported out of epithelial cells into blood Creates low conc of Na+ inside cell Na+ cotransports glucose down the diffusion gradient into the cell from the lumen of the ileum Glucose move by facilitated diffusion into the capillaries down a diffusion gradient
62
How are lipids absorbed from the ileum?
Enzymes in the cell membrane of the small intestine epithelium hydrolyse the dimers (maltose, sucrose, lactose and dipeptides) The monomers formed enter the epithelium by cotransport and then pass into the blood by facilitated diffusion
63
How are carbohydrates digested in the gut?
Via aerobic respiration. Reabsorbed in the PCT. Excess converted to glycogen or fat for storage. Moves via cotransport with Na+ and glucose, and secondary active transport
64
How are proteins absorbed in the gut?
Absorbed by cells for protein synthesis. Excess cannot be stored so is deaminated - the NH2 group is removed, converted to urea and excreted by the kidney
65
How are lipids reabsorbed in the gut?
Transported by the lymphatic system. Synthesised by SER - used as an energy source and to produce phospholipids. Excess stored as fats.
66
What is the function and shape of incisors in carnivores?
Small, sharp, shaped like chisels. Used to snip or gnaw meat off bones and cut lump of meat up
67
What teeth do carnivores have?
Incisors Canines Molars and premolars Carnassials
68
What is the shape and function of canines?
Very long and sharp. Impale, grip and tear meat
69
What is the shape and function of molars and premolars in carnivores?
Strong pointed cusps for cutting and tearing meat
70
What is the shape and function of carnassials?
Fit together when mouth is closed. Odd shape and large
71
What teeth do herbivores have?
Incisors and horny pad Diastema Premolars and molars
72
What is the shape and function of the incisors and horny pad in herbivores?
Incisors - sharp and bite against horny pad Horny pad - used by incisors to snip vegetation
73
What is the shape and function of the diastema?
Characteristic of herbivorous mammals. Fill extra grass. Allow free movement and circular grinding. Empty gap between the horny pad and incisors and the premolars
74
What is the shape and function of the premolars and molars in herbivores?
Have sharp enamel ridges (ridges of cement) to grind food as molars slide over each other. Break open cellulose walls in vegetation. Grow throughout life
75
How does a dogs articulation of the lower jaw differ from a sheep?
Dog - Gnaw, snip, up and down movement Sheep - Grind, side to side movement
76
Why would the length of the gut in a carnivore be shorter than in a herbivore?
Plant material takes longer to digest and absorb
77
What is a ruminant animal?
An animal that regurgitates it's food for further chewing (also has a rumen)
78
What is the function of a rumen?
Largest component Contains micro-organisms Ferments cellulose Absorbs organic acids Contracts continually Produces CO2 and CH4 pH close to neutral
79
What is the function of the reticulum?
Smallest compartment Catches dense heavy feed for later rumination Contracts for regurgitation
80
What is the order of food as it goes through a ruminants digestive system?
Through oesophagus - rumen - reticulum - oesophagus - omasum - abomasum
81
What is the function of the omasum?
Third compartment Globe-shaped Many ply lining Reduces feed particle size Absorb water and dries out ingesta Absorb volatile fatty acids
82
What is the function of the abomasum?
'True' stomach Secrete HCl and enzymes for chemical digestion Reduce pH to 2.5 which dissolves minerals, kills rumen bacteria and breaks down proteins Passes ingesta to small intestine
83
What is the first compartment in a ruminants digestive system?
Rumen
84
What is the second compartment in a ruminants digestive system?
Reticulum
85
What is the third compartment in a ruminants digestive system?
Omasum
86
What is the tfourth compartment in a ruminants digestive system?
Abomasum
87
What is the function of fibre in the body?
Provide bulk and stimulate peristalsis
89
How are the cells lining the villi adapted for efficient absorption of molecules?
Many intrinsic proteins which allow co-transport to take place

Biology - Component 3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions