Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology - Component 3 > Gas exchange in animals > Flashcards

Gas exchange in animals Flashcards

1
Q

How do you work out the surface area?

A

Length x width

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you work out the volume?

A

Length x width x height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does size affect surface area?

A

Larger the size, the greater the surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does size affect volume?

A

Larger the size, larger the volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to the surface area : volume ratio as the size increases?

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What adaptions do amoeba have to increase SA : volume ratio?

A

Large SA
Thin - short diffusion pathway
Permeable
Moist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does a wet/moist habitat aid gas exchange?

A

Dissolve O2 on skin and can freely cross cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What adaptions do flatworms have to increase SA : volume ratio?

A

Large SA : volume ratio
Permeable
No haemoglobin meaning very thin and flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What adaptions do earthworms have to increase SA : volume ratio?

A

Slightly smaller SA : volume ratio compared to flatworm
Low oxygen requirements - low metabolism
Moist
Contain haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the common features of a gas exchange surface?

A

Large SA : volume ratio
Short diffusion distance - thin
Maintain a conc gradient
Moist
Permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the gas exchange surfaces for amphibians and what are it’s features?

A

E.g. frogs - both lungs and skin
Large SA
Permeable
Short diffusion pathway
Moist
Good blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the gas exchange surface for reptiles and what are it’s features?

A

Lungs - in-out bellows
Ingrowth of tissues to increase SA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the gas exchange surface for birds and what are it’s features?

A

Lungs - attached air sacs (act as bellows)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are organs inside the body?

A

Prevent heat and water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What circulatory system do fish use?

A

Single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What circulatory system do amphibians use?

A

Mixed double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What circulatory system do birds and mammals use?

A

Double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the features of a single circulatory system?

A

Closed
2 chambers
Low pressure
Least efficient
Less gas exchange
Only one pump per circuit
No mixed blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the features of a mixed double circulatory system?

A

Closed
3 chambers
High pressure
Less efficient
Not much gas exchange
Double pump per circuit
Mixed blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the features of a double circulatory system?

A

Closed
4 chambers
High pressure
Most efficient
Most gas exchange
Double pump per circuit
No mixed blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Secrete sticky mucus - trap tiny particles in the air. Reduce infection chance as removed from lungs

22
Q

What is the substance called that covers the surface of the alveoli?

A

Surfactant

23
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Cover surface of alveoli and them collapsing when breathing out by reducing the surface tension

24
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells?

A

Numerous cilia at the end. Waft mucus to back of throat which is swallowed and destroyed by stomach acids

25
What is the function of cartilage?
Support trachea and bronchi - prevent collapse
26
Why does cartilage not form a full ring in the trachea?
Allow expansion e.g. swallow
27
What is the function of elastic fibres?
Stretch when inhaling. Alveoli to expand which increases SA. Recoil when exhaling - force out more air Prevent alveoli bursting
28
What is the function of smooth muscle?
Adjust size of airways. Can contract. Reduce lumen diameter. Constrict airway and restrict air flow
29
Why are alveoli efficient at gas exchange?
Provide large SA Moist Thin - short diffusion pathway Large blood supply as surrounded by large capillaries Permeable
30
What happens during inspiration?
External intercostal muscles contract pulling ribcage up and out Pressure reduced as pleural membrane pulled outwards Diaphragm contracts going from a domed to flat shape Volume in thorax and lungs increase Air travels down the pressure gradient into the lungs
31
What happens during relaxed expiration?
External intercostal muscles relax and ribcage falls back under its own weight Pressure increases Diaphragm relaxes back into domed shape due to gut pressure Volume in thorax and lungs decreases Air forced out
32
What happens in forced expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribcage down and in Pressure increases Abdominal muscles contract pushing diaphragm upwards Volume in thorax and lungs decreases Air forced out
33
When does forced expiration occur?
During exercise or singing
34
What is the respiratory system in insects called?
Tracheal system
35
How many pairs of spiracles are involved in the tracheal system of a grass hopper?
10 pairs (2 thoracic and 8 abdominal)
36
Where are valves found in the insect tracheal system?
End of the spiracles
37
What are the function of valves in the insect tracheal system?
Reduce water loss
38
What do spiracles open into?
Tracheae which connect to air sacs
39
What are tracheae made up of?
A wall of single layered epithelial cells
40
What is the function of the single layered epithelial cells in tracheae?
Secrete cuticular thickenings that give support to the tubes and prevent them from collapsing during inhalation (chitin)
41
From the top of the grasshopper to the bottom, what are the body parts called?
Head, thorax, abdomen
42
What shape are the cuticular thickenings (chitin) in the tracheae?
Spiral
43
What do the tracheae open up into?
Tracheoles
44
What happens at the tracheoles of the insect during rest?
1. Water moves out of muscle cells into the ends of tracheoles 2. Oxygen has to diffuse through water to reach the cells 3. Results in a longer diffusion pathway and slower diffusion
45
What happens at the tracheoles when insects are flying?
1. Muscle cells produce lactic acid 2. Lowers the water potential of muscle cells 3. Water moves by osmosis from tracheoles into muscle cells 4. Reduces distance for diffusion resulting in faster diffusion
46
What happens during inspiration in insects?
- Thoracic and first 2 abdominal spiracles open - Abdomen expands causing an increase in volume and a decrease in pressure - Air flows in
47
What happens during expiration in insects?
- Thoracic spiracles and first two abdominal spiracles close. The other abdominal spiracles open - Abdomen contracts causing a decrease in volume and an increase in pressure - Air slows out
48
What happens during inhalation in a fish?
Mouth opens Operculum closes Floor of mouth cavity lowers Volume of mouth cavity increases and pressure falls Water is pulled in
49
What happens during exhalation in a fish?
Mouth closes Floor of mouth cavity is raised Volume of mouth cavity decreases and pressure increase Water flows across the gills The operculum is forced open
50
What is parallel flow in fish?
Water and blood flow in the same direction Deoxygenated blood meets oxygenated water at start of gill plate O2 diffuses into blood down a steep conc gradient Halfway across the gill plate, equilibrium has been reached due to % saturation being the same in the water and the blood Least efficient system as blood is only 50% saturated
51
What is counter current flow in fish?
Water and blood flow opposite directions across the gill plate Blood always meeting water with slightly higher % of oxygen saturation Meaning diffusion gradient always maintained Blood leaves about 95% saturated with oxygen More efficient system

Biology - Component 3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions