Joints

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

Where two or more bones meet, otherwise known as articulation.

Question 2

What are the three types of joint?

Answer 2

Fixed (Fibrous)
Slightly moveable ( Cartilaginous)
Synovial (freely moveable)

Question 2

What is a slightly moveable joint? e.g.?

Answer 2

Cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement.
Ends of bones are covered in in a smooth covering called articular or hyaline cartilage which reduces friction.
Bones are separated by pads of fibro cartilage.
Vertebrae.

Question 2

What is a fixed joint? e.g.?

Answer 2

Fibrous or immoveable joints which do not move.
Held by bands of tough fibrous tissue.
Cranium, the bones are fixed together to provide protection for the brain.
Coccyx and Sacrum.

Question 3

What is a synovial joint? e.g.?

Answer 3

Freely moveable joints.
Vital to all sporting movements.
Ends covered in articular cartilage.
Synovial cavity surrounded by fibrous capsule.
Secrete synovial fluid.
Knee, Shoulder, Hip etc

Question 4

What is the bursa and its function?

Answer 4

A small fluid filled sac which provides a cushion between the tendons and bones, preventing friction.
Filled with synovial fluid.
Aids free movement - reducing risk of injury.

Question 4

What is articular cartilage and its function?

Answer 4

Provides a smooth and slippery covering to stop the bones grinding together.
On the end of bones.
Absorbs shock - by providing smooth and slippery surface - reduces impact so reduces the risk of injury.

Question 5

What is the synovial membrane?

Answer 5

The capsule lining that releases synovial fluid.

Question 5

What is synovial fluid and its function?

Answer 5

A viscous liquid that lubricates the joint.
Reduces friction between bones.
Provided nutrients to the articular cartilage.

Question 5

What are ligaments and their function?

Answer 5

Hold the bones together and keep them in place.
Connect bone to bone - to provide stability and strength - stops unwanted movement.

Question 6

What movement occurs at a hinge joint?

Answer 6

One range of movement.
Open/close like a door hinge.
Flexion to Extension

Question 7

Example of a hinge joint and sporting example?

Answer 7

Knee - kicking a football
Elbow - bicep curl

Question 8

What movement occurs at a ball and socket joint?

Answer 8

Multiaxial: 3 Ranges of Movement
Flexion to Extension
Adduction to Abduction
Rotation

Question 9

Example of a ball and socket joint and sporting example?

Answer 9

Hip - Star jump
Shoulder - bowling a cricket ball

Question 10

Example of a condyloid joint and sporting example?

Answer 10

Wrist - Spinning a bowling ball
Ankle - Pass with outside of foot in football

Question 11

What movement occurs at a condyloid joint?

Answer 11

Flexion to Extension
Side to Side (Adduction and Abduction)

Question 12

What movement occurs at a gliding joint?

Answer 12

Back to front
Side to Side

Question 13

Example of a gliding joint and sporting example?

Answer 13

Wrist - Dribbling technique in basketball
Ankle - Jumping off toes in gymnastics.

Question 14

What movements occur at a pivot joint?

Answer 14

Rotation.
Caused by atlas rolling around the axis.

Question 15

Example of pivot joint and sporting example?

Answer 15

Neck - Moving head away from punch in boxing.

Question 16

What movement occurs at a saddle joint?

Answer 16

Front and back
Side to side
Bone surfaces are concave and convex

Question 17

Example of a saddle joint and sporting example?

Answer 17

Base of thumb - Gripping a golf club throughout the swing.

Question 18

What is Flexion? e.g.?

Answer 18

Reducing the angle between bones of a limb at a joint.
Muscle contracts, causing a bent position.
- Upwards phase of a bicep curl

Question 19

What is Extension? e.g.?

Answer 19

Straightening a limb to increase the angle at a joint.
- Downward phase of a bicep curl.

Question 20

What is Dorsiflexion? e.g.?

Answer 20

Upward movement.
Pull the toes up.
- Pull the toes towards the knee when walking.

Question 21

What is Plantarflexion? e.g.?

Answer 21

Downward movement that points the toes.
- Jumping to shoot in netball

Question 22

What is Lateral flexion? e.g.?

Answer 22

Bending sideways, at the waist for example.
- At the end of kicking a football

Question 23

What is Hyper-extension? e.g.?

Answer 23

Movement beyond the normal anatomical position in a direction opposite to flexion.
- Spine when a cricketer arches back when approaching the crease to bowl.

Question 24

What is Adduction? e.g.?

Answer 24

Movement towards the body’s vertical midline.
- Pulling on oars while rowing

Question 25

What is Abduction? e.g.?

Answer 25

Movement away from the body’s vertical midline.
- Hip - side step in gymnastics

Question 26

What is Circumduction? e.g.?

Answer 26

Circular movement resulting in a conical action.
- Overarm tennis serve or cricket bowl

Question 27

What is Rotation? e.g.?

Answer 27

Circular movement of a limb
- Shoulder joint in tennis serve.