Joints Flashcards
What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet, otherwise known as articulation.
What are the three types of joint?
Fixed (Fibrous)
Slightly moveable ( Cartilaginous)
Synovial (freely moveable)
What is a slightly moveable joint? e.g.?
Cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement.
Ends of bones are covered in in a smooth covering called articular or hyaline cartilage which reduces friction.
Bones are separated by pads of fibro cartilage.
Vertebrae.
What is a fixed joint? e.g.?
Fibrous or immoveable joints which do not move.
Held by bands of tough fibrous tissue.
Cranium, the bones are fixed together to provide protection for the brain.
Coccyx and Sacrum.
What is a synovial joint? e.g.?
Freely moveable joints.
Vital to all sporting movements.
Ends covered in articular cartilage.
Synovial cavity surrounded by fibrous capsule.
Secrete synovial fluid.
Knee, Shoulder, Hip etc
What is the bursa and its function?
A small fluid filled sac which provides a cushion between the tendons and bones, preventing friction.
Filled with synovial fluid.
Aids free movement - reducing risk of injury.
What is articular cartilage and its function?
Provides a smooth and slippery covering to stop the bones grinding together.
On the end of bones.
Absorbs shock - by providing smooth and slippery surface - reduces impact so reduces the risk of injury.
What is the synovial membrane?
The capsule lining that releases synovial fluid.
What is synovial fluid and its function?
A viscous liquid that lubricates the joint.
Reduces friction between bones.
Provided nutrients to the articular cartilage.
What are ligaments and their function?
Hold the bones together and keep them in place.
Connect bone to bone - to provide stability and strength - stops unwanted movement.
What movement occurs at a hinge joint?
One range of movement.
Open/close like a door hinge.
Flexion to Extension
Example of a hinge joint and sporting example?
Knee - kicking a football
Elbow - bicep curl
What movement occurs at a ball and socket joint?
Multiaxial: 3 Ranges of Movement
Flexion to Extension
Adduction to Abduction
Rotation
Example of a ball and socket joint and sporting example?
Hip - Star jump
Shoulder - bowling a cricket ball
Example of a condyloid joint and sporting example?
Wrist - Spinning a bowling ball
Ankle - Pass with outside of foot in football
What movement occurs at a condyloid joint?
Flexion to Extension
Side to Side (Adduction and Abduction)
What movement occurs at a gliding joint?
Back to front
Side to Side
Example of a gliding joint and sporting example?
Wrist - Dribbling technique in basketball
Ankle - Jumping off toes in gymnastics.
What movements occur at a pivot joint?
Rotation.
Caused by atlas rolling around the axis.
Example of pivot joint and sporting example?
Neck - Moving head away from punch in boxing.
What movement occurs at a saddle joint?
Front and back
Side to side
Bone surfaces are concave and convex
Example of a saddle joint and sporting example?
Base of thumb - Gripping a golf club throughout the swing.
What is Flexion? e.g.?
Reducing the angle between bones of a limb at a joint.
Muscle contracts, causing a bent position.
- Upwards phase of a bicep curl
What is Extension? e.g.?
Straightening a limb to increase the angle at a joint.
- Downward phase of a bicep curl.
What is Dorsiflexion? e.g.?
Upward movement.
Pull the toes up.
- Pull the toes towards the knee when walking.
What is Plantarflexion? e.g.?
Downward movement that points the toes.
- Jumping to shoot in netball
What is Lateral flexion? e.g.?
Bending sideways, at the waist for example.
- At the end of kicking a football
What is Hyper-extension? e.g.?
Movement beyond the normal anatomical position in a direction opposite to flexion.
- Spine when a cricketer arches back when approaching the crease to bowl.
What is Adduction? e.g.?
Movement towards the body’s vertical midline.
- Pulling on oars while rowing
What is Abduction? e.g.?
Movement away from the body’s vertical midline.
- Hip - side step in gymnastics
What is Circumduction? e.g.?
Circular movement resulting in a conical action.
- Overarm tennis serve or cricket bowl
What is Rotation? e.g.?
Circular movement of a limb
- Shoulder joint in tennis serve.
