Joints

Question 1

syn

Answer 1

together

Question 2

arthro

Answer 2

joint

Question 3

synarthroses

Answer 3

immoveable joint

Question 4

amphi

Answer 4

on both sides

Question 5

amphiarthroses

Answer 5

slightly movable joint

Question 6

dia

Answer 6

through, apart

Question 7

diarthroses

Answer 7

freely movable joints

Question 8

Fibrous Joints

Answer 8

joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity, most are immovable, movement depends on length of tissue fibers, three types sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses

Question 9

sutures

Answer 9

seams that occur only between bones of the skull,

Question 10

syndesmoses

Answer 10

joint held together by ligaments (fibula to the tibia), cords or bands of fibrous tissue. vary in length, movement depends on length of fibrous tissue

Question 11

Gomphosis

Answer 11

peg in socket like tooth into the gums

Question 12

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

bones united by cartilage, lack joint cavity, not highly moveable, two types

Question 13

Synchondroses

Answer 13

bones united by hyaline cartilage, most common is the epiphyseal plates in long bones of children

Question 14

Symphyses

Answer 14

bones united by fibrocartilage, shock absorber

Question 15

articulation

Answer 15

site where two or more bones meet

Question 16

function of joint

Answer 16

gives skeleton mobility, holds skeleton together

Question 17

structure of joint

Answer 17

material binding bones together, depends on presences or absence of joint, three types fibrous joints, carilaginous joints and synovial joints

Question 18

synovial joints

Answer 18

where articulating bones are separated by fluid containing joint cavity, permits freedom of movement, consist of most joints of the limbs and most of the body, 6 distingushing features

Question 19

Articular cartilage

Answer 19

absorb compression, prevents crushing of bone ends

Question 20

Joint (articular) cavity

Answer 20

small, synovial fluid filled potential space

Question 21

articular capsule

Answer 21

two layers, external fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue. inner synovial membrain has loose connective tissue and makes synovial fluid

Question 22

synovial fluid

Answer 22

viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid, lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage, contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

Question 23

Reinforcing Ligaments

Answer 23

three types: capsular a thickend part of fibrous layer, Extracapsualr outside the capsule, Intracapsular deep to capsule covered by the synovial membrane

Question 24

Nerves and Blood vessels

Answer 24

nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch, capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid

Question 25

Fatty pads

Answer 25

for suchinging between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

Question 26

articular discs

Answer 26

fibrocartilage spearates articular surfaces to improve the fit of bone ends, it stabilizes the joint and reduces wear and tear

Question 27

bursae

Answer 27

sacs lined with synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid, reduces friction where ligaments, muscles skin, tendons and bones rub together

Question 28

Tendon sheaths

Answer 28

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

Question 29

Three stabilizing factors at synovial joints

Answer 29

shapes of articular surfaces(least important), ligaments number and location, muscle tendons that cross joints (most important)

Question 30

Movement allowed by snyovial joints

Answer 30

all muscle is attched to bone or other connective tissue at no fewer than two points. the origin is attached to the immovable (or less moveable) bone the insertion is attached to the movable bone. muscle contractions cause insertions to move toward the origin. movements occur along trasverse frongtal or sagittal planes

Question 31

Nonaxial range of motion

Answer 31

slipping movements only

Question 32

uniaxial range of motion

Answer 32

movements in one plane

Question 33

biaxial range of motion

Answer 33

movement in two planes

Question 34

multiaxial range of motion

Answer 34

movement in or around all three planes

Question 35

shoulder joint

Answer 35

ball and socket joint the head of the humerous with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, most freely moving joint of the body

Question 36

shoulder joint

Answer 36

has reinforcing ligaments, reinforcing muscle tendons, has four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint

Question 37

common joint injuries

Answer 37

cartilage tears, due to compression and shear stress, cartilage rarely repairs it self. Sprains where reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn, partial tears slowly heal due to poor vascularization, Dislocation where the bone is forced out of alignment and subluxtion which is only partial dislocation of the joint

Question 38

Brusitis

Answer 38

inflammation of the bursa caused by a blow or friction

Question 39

tendonitis

Answer 39

inflammation of the tendon sheath cause by overuse

Question 40

Arthritis

Answer 40

``` >100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. Symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis ```

Question 41

Osteoarthritis

Answer 41

``` Common, irreversible, degenerative (''wear and tear'') arthritis May reflect excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage By age 85 half of Americans develop OA, more women than men Probably related to normal aging processMore cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints Exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement Treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and nutritional supplements not effective ```

Question 42

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 42

Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause Immune system attacks own cells Usually arises between ages 40 and 50, but may occur at any age; affects 3 times as many women as men Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and ardiovascular problems begins with synovitis of the affected joint Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues Synovial fluid accumulates joint swelling and inflamed synovial membrane which thickens pannus that clings to articular cartilage Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosi)

Question 43

Treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 43

Disrupt destruction of joints by immune system Steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs decrease pain and inflammation Immune suppressants slow autoimmune reaction Some agents target tumor necrosis factor to block action of inflammatory chemicals Can replace joint with prosthesis

Question 44

Gouty Arthritis

Answer 44

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation More common in men Typically affects joint at base of great toe In untreated gouty arthritis, bone ends fuse and immobilize joint Treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol