Joints Flashcards
syn
together
arthro
joint
synarthroses
immoveable joint
amphi
on both sides
amphiarthroses
slightly movable joint
dia
through, apart
diarthroses
freely movable joints
Fibrous Joints
joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity, most are immovable, movement depends on length of tissue fibers, three types sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses
sutures
seams that occur only between bones of the skull,
syndesmoses
joint held together by ligaments (fibula to the tibia), cords or bands of fibrous tissue. vary in length, movement depends on length of fibrous tissue
Gomphosis
peg in socket like tooth into the gums
Cartilaginous joints
bones united by cartilage, lack joint cavity, not highly moveable, two types
Synchondroses
bones united by hyaline cartilage, most common is the epiphyseal plates in long bones of children
Symphyses
bones united by fibrocartilage, shock absorber
articulation
site where two or more bones meet
function of joint
gives skeleton mobility, holds skeleton together
structure of joint
material binding bones together, depends on presences or absence of joint, three types fibrous joints, carilaginous joints and synovial joints
synovial joints
where articulating bones are separated by fluid containing joint cavity, permits freedom of movement, consist of most joints of the limbs and most of the body, 6 distingushing features
Articular cartilage
absorb compression, prevents crushing of bone ends
Joint (articular) cavity
small, synovial fluid filled potential space
articular capsule
two layers, external fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue. inner synovial membrain has loose connective tissue and makes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid, lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage, contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
Reinforcing Ligaments
three types: capsular a thickend part of fibrous layer, Extracapsualr outside the capsule, Intracapsular deep to capsule covered by the synovial membrane
Nerves and Blood vessels
nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch, capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
Fatty pads
for suchinging between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone
articular discs
fibrocartilage spearates articular surfaces to improve the fit of bone ends, it stabilizes the joint and reduces wear and tear
bursae
sacs lined with synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid, reduces friction where ligaments, muscles skin, tendons and bones rub together
Tendon sheaths
elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction
Three stabilizing factors at synovial joints
shapes of articular surfaces(least important), ligaments number and location, muscle tendons that cross joints (most important)
Movement allowed by snyovial joints
all muscle is attched to bone or other connective tissue at no fewer than two points. the origin is attached to the immovable (or less moveable) bone the insertion is attached to the movable bone. muscle contractions cause insertions to move toward the origin. movements occur along trasverse frongtal or sagittal planes
Nonaxial range of motion
slipping movements only
uniaxial range of motion
movements in one plane
biaxial range of motion
movement in two planes
multiaxial range of motion
movement in or around all three planes
shoulder joint
ball and socket joint the head of the humerous with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, most freely moving joint of the body
shoulder joint
has reinforcing ligaments, reinforcing muscle tendons, has four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint
common joint injuries
cartilage tears, due to compression and shear stress, cartilage rarely repairs it self.
Sprains where reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn, partial tears slowly heal due to poor vascularization, Dislocation where the bone is forced out of alignment and subluxtion which is only partial dislocation of the joint
Brusitis
inflammation of the bursa caused by a blow or friction
tendonitis
inflammation of the tendon sheath cause by overuse
Arthritis
>100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. Symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Common, irreversible, degenerative
(''wear and tear'') arthritis
May reflect excessive release of enzymes
that break down articular cartilage
By age 85 half of Americans develop OA,
more women than men
Probably related to normal aging processMore cartilage is destroyed than replaced
in badly aligned or overworked joints
Exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form
bone spurs, and restrict movement
Treatment: moderate activity, mild pain
relievers, capsaicin creams Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and nutritional supplements not effectiveRheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause Immune system attacks own cells
Usually arises between ages 40 and 50,
but may occur at any age; affects 3 times
as many women as men
Signs and symptoms include joint pain and
swelling (usually bilateral), anemia,
osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and ardiovascular problems begins with synovitis of the affected joint Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues Synovial fluid accumulates joint swelling and inflamed synovial membrane which thickens pannus that clings to articular cartilage Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends
(ankylosi)
Treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis
Disrupt destruction of joints by immune system
Steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs decrease pain and inflammation
Immune suppressants slow autoimmune
reaction
Some agents target tumor necrosis factor to block action of inflammatory chemicals
Can replace joint with prosthesis
Gouty Arthritis
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints
and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
More common in men
Typically affects joint at base of great toe
In untreated gouty arthritis, bone ends
fuse and immobilize joint
Treatment: drugs, plenty of water,
avoidance of alcohol
