Ch.1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Structure of body parts
Physiology
Function of the body
Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy
the Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Regional anatomy
All the structures in a particular region of the body
Systemic Anatomy
body structure is studied systme by system
surface anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Microscopic anatomy
deals with structures to small to be seen with the naked eye
Developmenatal anatomy
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
Embryology
a subdivison of developmental anatomy
Renal physiology
concerns kidny function and urine production
Neurophysiology
explains the working of the nervous system
Cardiovascular Physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
principle of complementarity of structure and function
what a structure can do depends on its specific form
Chemical level of structure
simplest level of strucural hierachy
at this level atoms combine to form molecules
molecules form organelles the basic components of the microscopic cells
Cellular level
All cells have some common functions
but individual cells vary in size and shape
reflecting unique functions
Tissues level
tissue are groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organ Level
Preforme extremely complex functions
Organ system Level
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Maintaining Boundraies
living organism must keep its internal enviroment distinct from its surroundings
Movement
includes the activities promoted by the muscular system
Responsiveness or excitability
the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
Digestion
the breakdwon of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Metabloism
A broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Excretion
the process of removing waste frome the body
Reproduction
occurs at the cellular and organismal level
Growth
a increase in the size of a abody part or the organism as a whole
Integumentary System
Hair,Skin Nails
forms external body covering and proctects deepr tissues from injury
Skeletal System
Bones, Joints
protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
Muscular system
all the muscles in the body
allows manipulation of the enviroment and movement
Lymphatic system / Immunity
bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymphnodes
picks up fluid leaked from blood bessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris, houses white blood cells, invloved with immune responses
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbale units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Respiratory system
keeps blood constanly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Nervous System
as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regualte processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use by body cells
Caridovascular System
blood vessels trasport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioide, nutrients waste ect. the heart pumps blood
Urinary System
eleminates nitogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood
Reproductive System
overal function is production of offspring
Survival Needs
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temputure and appropriate atmospheric pressure
Homeostais
the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite the outside world that changes continously
is a dynamic state of quilibrium or ballance in wich internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits
Homeostatic Control
control mechanism are processes invlovling at least three componets
Receptors, Control center, Effector
receptor
is some type of sensor that monitor the environment and responds to changes canlled stimuli
Control center
determines the set point which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained
Effector
provies the means for the control center response(output) to the stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
the output shuts off the original effect of the stumulus or reduces its intesnsity
these mechanisms cause the variable to chage in a direction opposite to that of the initial change
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
Anatomical Position
standing at attention, arms down at the side palms facing forword
Superior (craniol)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body;
Above
Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body;
Below
Ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body
in front of
Dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the back of the body
behind
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body
on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
on the outer side of
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
farther from the orgin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface
more internal
The Axial Part
Makes up the main axis of our body
the appendicular part
consists of the appendages or limbs that are attached to the body
Sagital plane
verticle plane that divides the the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal plane (median plane)
sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
parasagittal planes
sagittal planes that are offset from the midline
Frontal planes (coronal plane)
lie vertically, divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Plane (horizontal plane)
runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique sections
cuts that are made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes
seldom used
Dorsal Body Cavity
protect the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions (cranial cavity and vertebral or spinal cavity)
Cranial cavity
the skull, encases the brain
Verebral or Spinal cavitiy
runs withing the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity
more anterior and large of the closed body cavity’s
has two major subdivions thoracic cavity and abdominoplelvic cavity)
Thoracic cavity
is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
is further divided into pleural cavities (enveloping the lung) and mediastinum that contains the heard and the remaining thoracic organs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
has two cavities
the abdominal cavity holds the stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, and other organs
pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urninary bladder some reproductive organs and the rectum
serosa or serous membrane
a thin double layered membran cover the walls of the ventral body cavity
Parietal serosa
the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
visceral serosa
when the parietal serosa folds in on itself it froms the visceral serosa covering organs in the cavity
Abdominoplevic regions and quadrants
has four regions named according to their positions from the subjects point of view
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
umbilical region
the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
epigastric regions
located superior to the umbilical region
hypogastric region
(pubic) located inferior to the umbilical region
(right/left) Iliac or inguinal regions
located lateral to the hypogastric region
(right/left) lumbar region
lateral to the umbilical region
(left/right) hypochondriac regions
lies lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs
synovial cavities
Joint cavities, that are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (elbow, knee ect)
