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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

acromioclavicular joint:

  • type of joint?
  • articulating surfaces? And lined with?
  • reinforced by which muscle?
A

-plane type synovial joint.
-Articulating Surfaces:
lateral end of
clavicle articulates with
the acromion of scapula.
-The articular surfaces lined
with fibrocartilage
(The joint palpated; 2-3cm
medially from the ‘tip’ of
the shoulder)
- The posterior aspect of the
joint is reinforced by
trapezius muscle.

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2
Q

acromioclavicular joint

The intrinsic ? And extrinsic ligaments?

A

• Intrinsic: • Acromioclavicular ligament

Extrinsic: • Conoid ligament • Trapezoid ligament

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3
Q

acromioclavicular joint MOVEMENTS?

A
  • axial rotation
  • anteroposterior movement.
  • all movement is passive
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4
Q

Acromioclavicular
joint dislocation
commonly occurs
from ?

A

direct blow
to the joint, or a
fall on an
outstretched hand.

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5
Q

shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

  • type of joint?
  • articulation with?
  • articulating surfaces covered with?
  • synovial bursae function? And location?
A
  • ball and socket joint .
  • articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity (or fossa) of the scapula.
  • the articulating surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage.
  • To reduce friction, several
    synovial bursae are present: Subacromial , Subscapular
    bursae
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6
Q

The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) ligaments ?

A 
• Glenohumeral ligaments-
stabilise the anterior aspect
of the joint
• Coracohumeral ligament  –
stabilise the superior aspect
of the joint
• Transverse humeral
ligament-holds the tendon
of the long head of the
biceps in the intertubercular
groove.
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7
Q

stabilise the anterior aspect of the joint?

A

Glenohumeral ligaments

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8
Q

stabilise the superior aspect

of the joint?

A

Coracohumeral ligament

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9
Q

holds the tendon
of the long head of the
biceps in the intertubercular
groove.

A

Transverse humeral ligament

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10
Q

The buildup of scar tissue restricts movement inside the joint resulting in pain and severely limiting motion
What condition?

A

FROZEN SHOULDER- adhesive capsulitis

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11
Q

The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

Movements?

A

• Extension– posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi.
• Flexion– pectoralis major, anterior deltoid.
• Abduction : • The first 0-15 degrees is produced by the supraspinatus. • The middle fibres of the deltoid are responsible for the next 15-90 degrees. • Past 90 degrees , the scapula needs to be rotated– that is carried out by the
trapezius and serratus anterior.
• Adduction– pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi.
• Internal rotation– subscapularis.
• External rotation– infraspinatus and teres minor.

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12
Q

Factors that contribute to stability of shoulder joint?

A

Rotator cuff muscles SITS (Subscapularis ,Infraspinatus ,T eres minor Supraspinatus)

• Glenoid labrum  – a
fibrocartilaginous ridge surrounding
the glenoid cavity. It deepens the
cavity, reducing the risk of
dislocation. Slap tear  is common.
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13
Q

inflammation
of the muscle tendons –
usually due to overuse
Which condition ?

A

Rotator Cuff Tendonitis

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14
Q

The characteristic sign of
supraspinatus tendinitis
is the ?

A 
painful arc’  – pain
in the middle of
abduction between 60-
120 degrees, where the
affected area comes into
contact with the
acromion.
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15
Q

most
prevalent (95%), LOSS of
shoulder contour

Which condition?

A

Anterior dislocations

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16
Q

rare,
prevented by the strong coraco
-acromial arch.

Which condition ?

A

Superior displacement

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17
Q

impaction
fracture of humeral head) can
occur following anterior
dislocation.

Condition ?

A

Hill-Sachs lesions

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18
Q

causes paralysis of the deltoid,
and loss of sensation over
regimental badge area.
Injury to?

A

axillary nerve

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19
Q

Elbow Joint

  • type?
  • articulation?
A
  • Hinge-type synovial joint.

- Articulation:Trochlear notch of the ulna , the trochlea of the humerus, Head of radius and capitulum of the humerus

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20
Q

Elbow Joint

Ligaments and capsules?

A
  1. Joint capsule
  2. Annular ligament
  3. Ulnar collateral ligament
  4. Radial collateral ligament
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21
Q

Movements of the elbow Joint?

A 
Extension – triceps
brachii and anconeus
• Flexion – brachialis,
biceps brachii,
brachioradialis
• Note – pronation and
supination do not occur
at the elbow – they are
produced at the nearby
radioulnar joints.
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22
Q

Most elbow dislocations are

?

A

posterior

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23
Q

due
to a fall onto on outstretched hand in a child
The kid might develop which type of fracture ?

A

supracondylar fracture

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24
Q 
interference to the
blood supply of the forearm
via the brachial artery. The
resulting ischaemia can cause
?
A

Volkmann’s ischaemic

contracture

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25
Q

Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture with involvement?

A

neurological involvement,
ulnar nerve, claw hand,
flexor muscles involved, joint
contracture

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26
Q

wrist joint (also known as the radiocarpal joint)

  • type?
  • articulate surface?
A
  • Ellipsoid/ condyloid type synovial joint
    -The wrist joint articular surface:
    • Distally: The proximal row of the carpal bones except the
    pisiform).
    •Proximally : The distal end of the radius, and the articular disk.
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27
Q

The wrist joint (also known as the radiocarpal joint)

Ligaments?

A
  1. Palmar radiocarpal ligament
  2. Radial collateral ligament
  3. ulnar collateral ligament
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28
Q

Movements of the Wrist Joint?

A 
• Flexion – flexor carpi
ulnaris, radialis. FDS
• Extension – Produced
mainly by the extensor
carpi ulnaris, radialis, ED 
• Adduction – Produced by
the extensor carpi ulnaris
and flexor carpi  ulnaris 
• Abduction –flexor carpi
radialis, extensor carpi
radialis.
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29
Q

most common fracture involving the wrist is? Caused by?

A

Colles’ Fracture/ falling onto an outstretched hand

30
Q

The radius fractures with the distal fragment being displaced posteriorly. produces what is
known as the?

A

dinner fork deformity’.

31
Q

radius fractures fragment is?

A

distal fragment being displaced posteriorly.

32
Q 
characteristic
clinical feature is
pain and
tenderness in the
anatomical
snuffbox.

Of which type of fracture ?

A

Scaphoid Fracture

33
Q

risk of avascular necrosis after fracture because of its so-called ‘retrograde blood supply’ which enters at its distal end.
Which?

A

scaphoid

34
Q

articulation
between the head of the radius and the
radial notch of the ulna. ?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

35
Q

articulation
between the ulnar notch of the radius
and the ulnar head ?

A

Distal radioulnar joint

36
Q

Distal and proximal radioulnar joint
Type of joint?
Movement of?

A
  • classified as pivot joints,
    -responsible for movements
    of the forearm {• pronation (pronator teres and
    quadratus ms.) And • supination (supinator ms. And biceps )}
37
Q

Nerve supply upper limb joints?

A
  • Shoulder: axillary N

- Elbow, Wrist: median, radial,ulnar N

38
Q

THE HIP JOINT
Type?
Articular surfaces ?

A

TYPE:
• Synovial, ball & socket joint.

ARTICULAR SURFACES:
• Acetabulum of hip (pelvic)
bone
• Head of femur

39
Q

Capsule of the hip joint
Attachment above and below?
The cavity is deepened by the presence of?

A

-Strong and dense.
-Attachment:
Above: Attched to
margin of acetabulam
Below:
covers the neck & is
attached to
intertrochanteric line
-The cavity of acetabulum is
deepened by the presence
of a fibrocartilaginous rim
called acetabular labrum

40
Q

Ligaments of hip joint ?

A
  1. Pubofemoral Ligament
  2. Ischiofemoral Ligament
  3. Iliofemoral Ligaments
    4.intracapsular
    ( A. Transverse acetabular ligament B. Ligament of
    femoral head )
41
Q 
Pubofemoral Ligament
Ligament of which joint? 
Shape? 
Located? 
Limits?
A 
Hip joint 
• It is a triangular
ligament • Located antero-inferior
to joint
• This ligament limits
extension and
abduction
42
Q 
Ischiofemoral Ligament
Ligament of which joint? 
Shape? 
Located? Attached? 
Limits?
A
  • hip joint
  • spiral shaped ligament
  • Located posterior to joint
    ( Attached to the body of the ischium Fibers pass &attached to the greater trochanter )
    -This ligament limits the extension&medial rotation
43
Q 
Iliofemoral Ligaments
Ligament of which joint? 
Shape? 
Located? Attached? 
Limits?
A
  • hip joint
    -It is a strong, inverted Y-shaped ligament
    -Located anterior to joint (Its base is attached to the
    anterior inferior iliac spine Below the two limbs of Y are
    attached to the upper and lower parts of the intertrochanteric line of the femur )
    -The strong ligament
    prevents overextension
    during standing
44
Q 
converts
acetabular
notch into
foramen
through
which pass
acetabular
vessels
?
A

Intracapsular = Transverse
acetabular
ligament:

45
Q 
carries
vessels to
head of
femur
?
A

Ligament of
femoral
head/ Intracapsular

46
Q

Movements of hip joint

A

 Flexion: Iliopsoas (mainly), sartorius, pectineus,
rectus femoris.
 Extension: Hamstrings (mainly), gluteus maximus
(powerful extensor).
 Abduction: Gluteus medius & minimus, sartorius.
 Adduction: Adductors, gracilis.
 Medial rotation: Gluteus medius & minimus.
 Lateral rotation: Gluteus maximus, quadratus
femoris, piriformis, obturator externus & internus.

47
Q

The common hip joint dislocation is?

A

Ischiofemoral ligament is usually torn in

Posterior dislocation of hip joint

48
Q

Common disease that affects the hip joint?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

49
Q

Knee joint
Type?
Articulation ?

A
  1. Femoro-tibial articulation:

between the 2 femoral condyles & upper surfaces of the 2 tibial condyles (Type: synovial, modified hinge).

  1. Femoro-patellar articulation:
    between posterior surface of patella & patellar surface of femur (Type: synovial, plane).

Three bones.
Three articulations.

50
Q

Capsule of knee joint?

A

Deficient anteriorly & is replaced by: quadriceps femoris tendon, patella & ligamentum patellae.

51
Q

Ligaments of knee joint?

A

2 Intracapsular

  1. Anterior cruciate ligament.
  2. Posterior cruciate ligament

Extra capsular ligaments:

  1. Ligamentum patellae
    (patellar ligament): from
    patella to tibial tuberosity.
  2. Medial (tibial) collateral ligament: (firmly attached to medial meniscus).
    3 .Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament:
    4.Oblique popliteal ligament: extension of semimembranosus tendon.
52
Q

Knee joint/ tear of which ligament is most common? (Intracapsular)

A

Tear of the anterior
cruciate ligament is more
common than the posterior

53
Q

firmly attached
to medial meniscus)
Knee joint/ type of ligament?

A

Medial (tibial) collateral

ligament

54
Q
  1. Oblique popliteal

ligament: extension of which the tendon of which muscle?

A

semimembranosus tendon.

55
Q

Menisci
Type?
Function?

A
  • C shaped sheets of fibro cartilage.
  • Functions :
    • 1. Deepen the tibial articular surfaces.
    • 2. Act as cushions between the two bones

Medial and lateral meniscus

56
Q

MEDIAL MENISCUS

Shape?

A

Crescentic in shape.

57
Q

LATERAL MENISCUS
Shape?
Attachment?

A 
• More rounded in shape.
• Its anterior and posterior
ends lie within the ends
of the medial meniscus.
• Posteriorly it is separated
from the fibular collateral
ligament by the tendon of
popliteus.
• Less liable to injury.
58
Q

Which meniscus is More liable to injury? And why?

A 
MEDIAL MENISCUS
due to its attachment
to the medial collateral
ligament  and to the
capsule.
59
Q

LOCKING of knee at which position?

A

• The joint assumes the
position of full extension. • It becomes a rigid
structure. • Tightening of all the
major ligaments.

60
Q

UNLOCKING of knee joint?

A

At the commencement of Flexion of the extended
knee.
• To slack the ligaments especially the cruciate.

61
Q

Movements of knee joint?

A

 FLEXION:
-Mainly by hamstring muscles: biceps femoris ,
semitendinosus & semimembranosus.
- Assisted by sartorius , gracilis & popliteus.
 EXTENSION:
- Quadriceps femoris.
 ACTIVE ROTATION (PERFORMED WHEN KNEE IS
FLEXED):
A) MEDIAL ROTATION:
- Mainly by semitendinosus & semimembranosus.
-Assisted by sartorius & gracilis.
B) LATERAL ROTATION:
 Biceps femoris.

62
Q

Bursae Related to Knee

?

A
  1. Suprapatellar bursa, 2. Prepatellar bursa: 3. Infrapatellar bursa 4. Popliteal bursa
63
Q

House maids “knee

Which bursa is affected?

A

Prepatellar

64
Q

Clergyman”s knee

Which bursa is affected?

A

Infrapatellar

65
Q

Ankle joint
Type?
Articular surfaces?

A

TYPE: synovial, hinge joint.

ARTICULAR SURFACES:
UPPER: A socket formed by: Lateral malleolus. the lower end of tibia & medial malleolus. LOWER: Body of talus.

66
Q

Knee joint

Type & Articular Surfaces

A

TYPE: synovial, hinge joint.
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
UPPER: A socket formed by: Lateral malleolus. the lower end of tibia & medial malleolus. LOWER: Body of talus.

67
Q

Ligaments of Ankle?

A

• MEDIAL (DELTOID)
LIGAMENT:  A strong triangular
ligament. • LATERAL LIGAMENT: • Weaker than medial
ligament.

68
Q

Movements of ankle joint?

A

DORSIFLEXION:
 Performed by muscles of anterior compartment of leg (tibialis anterior,
extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus & peroneus tertius).
PLANTERFLEXION:
 Initiated by soleus.
 Maintained by gastrocnemius.
 Assisted by other muscles in posterior compartment of leg (tibialis
posterior, flexor digitorum longus & flexor hallucis longus) + muscles of
lateral compartment of leg (peroneus longus & peroneus brevis) .

69
Q

INVERSION & EVERSION MOVEMENTS occur on which joint>?

A

talo-calcaneo-navicular joint

70
Q

• Acute sprains of ankle joint are more

common on which side?

A

• Acute sprains on lateral side are more

common.

71
Q

torn during excessive

eversion of ankle joint ?

A

Deltoid ligament

Anatomy (7 decks)

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