Joints Flashcards
acromioclavicular joint:
- type of joint?
- articulating surfaces? And lined with?
- reinforced by which muscle?
-plane type synovial joint.
-Articulating Surfaces:
lateral end of
clavicle articulates with
the acromion of scapula.
-The articular surfaces lined
with fibrocartilage
(The joint palpated; 2-3cm
medially from the ‘tip’ of
the shoulder)
- The posterior aspect of the
joint is reinforced by
trapezius muscle.
acromioclavicular joint
The intrinsic ? And extrinsic ligaments?
• Intrinsic: • Acromioclavicular ligament
Extrinsic: • Conoid ligament • Trapezoid ligament
acromioclavicular joint MOVEMENTS?
- axial rotation
- anteroposterior movement.
- all movement is passive
Acromioclavicular
joint dislocation
commonly occurs
from ?
direct blow
to the joint, or a
fall on an
outstretched hand.
shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
- type of joint?
- articulation with?
- articulating surfaces covered with?
- synovial bursae function? And location?
- ball and socket joint .
- articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity (or fossa) of the scapula.
- the articulating surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage.
- To reduce friction, several
synovial bursae are present: Subacromial , Subscapular
bursae
The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) ligaments ?
• Glenohumeral ligaments- stabilise the anterior aspect of the joint • Coracohumeral ligament – stabilise the superior aspect of the joint • Transverse humeral ligament-holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the intertubercular groove.
stabilise the anterior aspect of the joint?
Glenohumeral ligaments
stabilise the superior aspect
of the joint?
Coracohumeral ligament
holds the tendon
of the long head of the
biceps in the intertubercular
groove.
Transverse humeral ligament
The buildup of scar tissue restricts movement inside the joint resulting in pain and severely limiting motion
What condition?
FROZEN SHOULDER- adhesive capsulitis
The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
Movements?
• Extension– posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi.
• Flexion– pectoralis major, anterior deltoid.
• Abduction : • The first 0-15 degrees is produced by the supraspinatus. • The middle fibres of the deltoid are responsible for the next 15-90 degrees. • Past 90 degrees , the scapula needs to be rotated– that is carried out by the
trapezius and serratus anterior.
• Adduction– pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi.
• Internal rotation– subscapularis.
• External rotation– infraspinatus and teres minor.
Factors that contribute to stability of shoulder joint?
Rotator cuff muscles SITS (Subscapularis ,Infraspinatus ,T eres minor Supraspinatus)
• Glenoid labrum – a fibrocartilaginous ridge surrounding the glenoid cavity. It deepens the cavity, reducing the risk of dislocation. Slap tear is common.
inflammation
of the muscle tendons –
usually due to overuse
Which condition ?
Rotator Cuff Tendonitis
The characteristic sign of
supraspinatus tendinitis
is the ?
painful arc’ – pain in the middle of abduction between 60- 120 degrees, where the affected area comes into contact with the acromion.
most
prevalent (95%), LOSS of
shoulder contour
Which condition?
Anterior dislocations
rare,
prevented by the strong coraco
-acromial arch.
Which condition ?
Superior displacement
impaction
fracture of humeral head) can
occur following anterior
dislocation.
Condition ?
Hill-Sachs lesions
causes paralysis of the deltoid,
and loss of sensation over
regimental badge area.
Injury to?
axillary nerve
Elbow Joint
- type?
- articulation?
- Hinge-type synovial joint.
- Articulation:Trochlear notch of the ulna , the trochlea of the humerus, Head of radius and capitulum of the humerus
Elbow Joint
Ligaments and capsules?
- Joint capsule
- Annular ligament
- Ulnar collateral ligament
- Radial collateral ligament
Movements of the elbow Joint?
Extension – triceps brachii and anconeus • Flexion – brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis • Note – pronation and supination do not occur at the elbow – they are produced at the nearby radioulnar joints.
Most elbow dislocations are
?
posterior
due
to a fall onto on outstretched hand in a child
The kid might develop which type of fracture ?
supracondylar fracture
interference to the blood supply of the forearm via the brachial artery. The resulting ischaemia can cause ?
Volkmann’s ischaemic
contracture
Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture with involvement?
neurological involvement,
ulnar nerve, claw hand,
flexor muscles involved, joint
contracture
wrist joint (also known as the radiocarpal joint)
- type?
- articulate surface?
- Ellipsoid/ condyloid type synovial joint
-The wrist joint articular surface:
• Distally: The proximal row of the carpal bones except the
pisiform).
•Proximally : The distal end of the radius, and the articular disk.
The wrist joint (also known as the radiocarpal joint)
Ligaments?
- Palmar radiocarpal ligament
- Radial collateral ligament
- ulnar collateral ligament
Movements of the Wrist Joint?
• Flexion – flexor carpi ulnaris, radialis. FDS • Extension – Produced mainly by the extensor carpi ulnaris, radialis, ED • Adduction – Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris • Abduction –flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis.
most common fracture involving the wrist is? Caused by?
Colles’ Fracture/ falling onto an outstretched hand
The radius fractures with the distal fragment being displaced posteriorly. produces what is
known as the?
dinner fork deformity’.
radius fractures fragment is?
distal fragment being displaced posteriorly.
characteristic clinical feature is pain and tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox.
Of which type of fracture ?
Scaphoid Fracture
risk of avascular necrosis after fracture because of its so-called ‘retrograde blood supply’ which enters at its distal end.
Which?
scaphoid
articulation
between the head of the radius and the
radial notch of the ulna. ?
Proximal radioulnar joint
articulation
between the ulnar notch of the radius
and the ulnar head ?
Distal radioulnar joint
Distal and proximal radioulnar joint
Type of joint?
Movement of?
- classified as pivot joints,
-responsible for movements
of the forearm {• pronation (pronator teres and
quadratus ms.) And • supination (supinator ms. And biceps )}
Nerve supply upper limb joints?
- Shoulder: axillary N
- Elbow, Wrist: median, radial,ulnar N
THE HIP JOINT
Type?
Articular surfaces ?
TYPE:
• Synovial, ball & socket joint.
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
• Acetabulum of hip (pelvic)
bone
• Head of femur
Capsule of the hip joint
Attachment above and below?
The cavity is deepened by the presence of?
-Strong and dense.
-Attachment:
Above: Attched to
margin of acetabulam
Below:
covers the neck & is
attached to
intertrochanteric line
-The cavity of acetabulum is
deepened by the presence
of a fibrocartilaginous rim
called acetabular labrum
Ligaments of hip joint ?
- Pubofemoral Ligament
- Ischiofemoral Ligament
- Iliofemoral Ligaments
4.intracapsular
( A. Transverse acetabular ligament B. Ligament of
femoral head )
Pubofemoral Ligament Ligament of which joint? Shape? Located? Limits?
Hip joint • It is a triangular ligament • Located antero-inferior to joint • This ligament limits extension and abduction
Ischiofemoral Ligament Ligament of which joint? Shape? Located? Attached? Limits?
- hip joint
- spiral shaped ligament
- Located posterior to joint
( Attached to the body of the ischium Fibers pass &attached to the greater trochanter )
-This ligament limits the extension&medial rotation
Iliofemoral Ligaments Ligament of which joint? Shape? Located? Attached? Limits?
- hip joint
-It is a strong, inverted Y-shaped ligament
-Located anterior to joint (Its base is attached to the
anterior inferior iliac spine Below the two limbs of Y are
attached to the upper and lower parts of the intertrochanteric line of the femur )
-The strong ligament
prevents overextension
during standing
converts acetabular notch into foramen through which pass acetabular vessels ?
Intracapsular = Transverse
acetabular
ligament:
carries vessels to head of femur ?
Ligament of
femoral
head/ Intracapsular
Movements of hip joint
Flexion: Iliopsoas (mainly), sartorius, pectineus,
rectus femoris.
Extension: Hamstrings (mainly), gluteus maximus
(powerful extensor).
Abduction: Gluteus medius & minimus, sartorius.
Adduction: Adductors, gracilis.
Medial rotation: Gluteus medius & minimus.
Lateral rotation: Gluteus maximus, quadratus
femoris, piriformis, obturator externus & internus.
The common hip joint dislocation is?
Ischiofemoral ligament is usually torn in
Posterior dislocation of hip joint
Common disease that affects the hip joint?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Knee joint
Type?
Articulation ?
- Femoro-tibial articulation:
between the 2 femoral condyles & upper surfaces of the 2 tibial condyles (Type: synovial, modified hinge).
- Femoro-patellar articulation:
between posterior surface of patella & patellar surface of femur (Type: synovial, plane).
Three bones.
Three articulations.
Capsule of knee joint?
Deficient anteriorly & is replaced by: quadriceps femoris tendon, patella & ligamentum patellae.
Ligaments of knee joint?
2 Intracapsular
- Anterior cruciate ligament.
- Posterior cruciate ligament
Extra capsular ligaments:
- Ligamentum patellae
(patellar ligament): from
patella to tibial tuberosity. - Medial (tibial) collateral ligament: (firmly attached to medial meniscus).
3 .Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament:
4.Oblique popliteal ligament: extension of semimembranosus tendon.
Knee joint/ tear of which ligament is most common? (Intracapsular)
Tear of the anterior
cruciate ligament is more
common than the posterior
firmly attached
to medial meniscus)
Knee joint/ type of ligament?
Medial (tibial) collateral
ligament
- Oblique popliteal
ligament: extension of which the tendon of which muscle?
semimembranosus tendon.
Menisci
Type?
Function?
- C shaped sheets of fibro cartilage.
- Functions :
• 1. Deepen the tibial articular surfaces.
• 2. Act as cushions between the two bones
Medial and lateral meniscus
MEDIAL MENISCUS
Shape?
Crescentic in shape.
LATERAL MENISCUS
Shape?
Attachment?
• More rounded in shape. • Its anterior and posterior ends lie within the ends of the medial meniscus. • Posteriorly it is separated from the fibular collateral ligament by the tendon of popliteus. • Less liable to injury.
Which meniscus is More liable to injury? And why?
MEDIAL MENISCUS due to its attachment to the medial collateral ligament and to the capsule.
LOCKING of knee at which position?
• The joint assumes the
position of full extension. • It becomes a rigid
structure. • Tightening of all the
major ligaments.
UNLOCKING of knee joint?
At the commencement of Flexion of the extended
knee.
• To slack the ligaments especially the cruciate.
Movements of knee joint?
FLEXION:
-Mainly by hamstring muscles: biceps femoris ,
semitendinosus & semimembranosus.
- Assisted by sartorius , gracilis & popliteus.
EXTENSION:
- Quadriceps femoris.
ACTIVE ROTATION (PERFORMED WHEN KNEE IS
FLEXED):
A) MEDIAL ROTATION:
- Mainly by semitendinosus & semimembranosus.
-Assisted by sartorius & gracilis.
B) LATERAL ROTATION:
Biceps femoris.
Bursae Related to Knee
?
- Suprapatellar bursa, 2. Prepatellar bursa: 3. Infrapatellar bursa 4. Popliteal bursa
House maids “knee
Which bursa is affected?
Prepatellar
Clergyman”s knee
Which bursa is affected?
Infrapatellar
Ankle joint
Type?
Articular surfaces?
TYPE: synovial, hinge joint.
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
UPPER: A socket formed by: Lateral malleolus. the lower end of tibia & medial malleolus. LOWER: Body of talus.
Knee joint
Type & Articular Surfaces
TYPE: synovial, hinge joint.
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
UPPER: A socket formed by: Lateral malleolus. the lower end of tibia & medial malleolus. LOWER: Body of talus.
Ligaments of Ankle?
• MEDIAL (DELTOID)
LIGAMENT: A strong triangular
ligament. • LATERAL LIGAMENT: • Weaker than medial
ligament.
Movements of ankle joint?
DORSIFLEXION:
Performed by muscles of anterior compartment of leg (tibialis anterior,
extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus & peroneus tertius).
PLANTERFLEXION:
Initiated by soleus.
Maintained by gastrocnemius.
Assisted by other muscles in posterior compartment of leg (tibialis
posterior, flexor digitorum longus & flexor hallucis longus) + muscles of
lateral compartment of leg (peroneus longus & peroneus brevis) .
INVERSION & EVERSION MOVEMENTS occur on which joint>?
talo-calcaneo-navicular joint
• Acute sprains of ankle joint are more
common on which side?
• Acute sprains on lateral side are more
common.
torn during excessive
eversion of ankle joint ?
Deltoid ligament
