Joint Motion

Question 1

Sagittal Plane

Answer 1

Divides body into Left and Right;

Motions in this plane - Flexion, extension/hyperextension

Movement around the medial-lateral axis.

Question 2

Frontal Plane (Coronal)

Answer 2

Divides body into Front and Back

Motions in this plane - Abduction, Adduction, Lateral side flexion (side bending)

Movement around the anterior-posterior axis.

Question 3

Transverse Plane

Answer 3

Divides body into Top and Bottom

Motions in this plane:

• Medial (internal) Rotation
• Lateral (External Rotation)
• Pronation
• Supination

Movement around the longitudinal axis.

Question 4

Kinematics

Answer 4

The study of motion without regard to the forces that cause the motion.

Question 5

Osteokinematics

Answer 5

“bony lever motion” - Bone on bone movement measured in degrees of motion

-Flexion, Extension, Adbuction

Question 6

Arthokinematics

Answer 6

“joint surface motion” - Motion at the joint between the two surfaces.

• Roll, Glide/Slide, spin.

Accessory motion that needs to happen in order for the osteokinematics to happen.

Question 7

Range of Motion (ROM)

Answer 7

The arc of motion that occurs at the joint or a series of joint.

Question 8

Concave on Convex Rule

Answer 8

Roll and slide are in the same direction.

Ex: Tibia on Femur

Question 9

Convex on Concave

Answer 9

Roll and slide are in opposite directions

Ex: Femur on Tibia

Question 10

Closed Chain

Answer 10

An exercise or movement in which the distal end of the “chain” is fixed.

Ex: Squat (Foot is on the ground, tibia is moving on the on the stable talus)

Question 11

Open Chain

Answer 11

An exercise or movement in which the proximal end of the “chain” is fixed.

ex: seated knee extension (Femur is stable, and the tibia is moving on the femur)

Question 12

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

Answer 12

Patient Performs Movement.

- Muscle tightness, pain, muscles aren’t firing, stiff Joint.

Question 13

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

Answer 13

Therapist performs the movement

- Muscle guarding, bone n bone reach end point, swelling, joint tightness.

Question 14

Normal End-Feels

Answer 14

The end feel is a type of sensation or feeling which the examiner experienced when the joint is at the end of its available passive range of motion.

Question 15

Abnormal End-Feels

Answer 15

Occurs sooner or later in the ROM than is usual or in a joint that isn’t the standard end feel

Question 16

Normal Hard End-Feel

Answer 16

Bone contacting Bone

Ex: Elbow extension

Question 17

Normal Firm End-Feel

Answer 17

Three types:

• Muscular Stretch (Hip flexion w/ knee straight)
• Capsular Stretch (Extension of metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers)
• Ligamentous Stretch (Forearm supination)

Question 18

Normal Soft End-Feel

Answer 18

Soft Tissue Approximation (Knee flexion - contact between soft tissue of posterior leg and posterior thigh)

Question 19

Abnormal Soft End-Feel

Answer 19

Occurs sooner or later int eh ROM than is usual or in a join that normally has a firm or har end-feel. Feels Boggy

E: Soft Tissue edema, Synovitis

Question 20

Abnormal Firm End-Feel

Answer 20

Occurs sooner or later in the ROM than is usual or in a join that normally has a soft or hard end-feel

Ex: Increased muscular tonus; Capsular, muscular, ligamentous, and fascial shortening.

Question 21

Abnormal Hard End-Feel

Answer 21

Occurs sooner or later in the ROM than is usual or in a joint that normally has a soft or hard end-feel

Ex: Chonodromalacia, Osteoarthritis; loose bone fragments in joint, myositis ossificans, Fracture

Question 22

Abnormal Empty End-Feel

Answer 22

No real end-feel because pain prevents reaching end of ROM. No resistance is felt except for individual’s protective muscle splinting or muscle spasm (guarding due to pain).

Ex: Acute Joint inflammation, Bursitis, abscess, fracture, psychogenic disorder.

Question 23

Capsular pattern of Limitation

Answer 23

Pathological condition that effects the entire joint capsule.

ex: acute - fluid, inflammation, infection
ex: Chronic inflammation - scarring, fibrosis

Question 24

Capsular pattern (cyriax)

Answer 24

Notion at a joint is limited in all directions AND in a specific pattern unique to that specific joint

ex: the shoulder is limited in a specific pattern.

Question 25

Non-Capsular Pattern

Answer 25

Limited in only 1 or 2 motions of a joint and no pattern present