Joint Motion Flashcards
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into Left and Right;
Motions in this plane - Flexion, extension/hyperextension
Movement around the medial-lateral axis.
Frontal Plane (Coronal)
Divides body into Front and Back
Motions in this plane - Abduction, Adduction, Lateral side flexion (side bending)
Movement around the anterior-posterior axis.
Transverse Plane
Divides body into Top and Bottom
Motions in this plane:
- Medial (internal) Rotation
- Lateral (External Rotation)
- Pronation
- Supination
Movement around the longitudinal axis.
Kinematics
The study of motion without regard to the forces that cause the motion.
Osteokinematics
“bony lever motion” - Bone on bone movement measured in degrees of motion
-Flexion, Extension, Adbuction
Arthokinematics
“joint surface motion” - Motion at the joint between the two surfaces.
- Roll, Glide/Slide, spin.
Accessory motion that needs to happen in order for the osteokinematics to happen.
Range of Motion (ROM)
The arc of motion that occurs at the joint or a series of joint.
Concave on Convex Rule
Roll and slide are in the same direction.
Ex: Tibia on Femur
Convex on Concave
Roll and slide are in opposite directions
Ex: Femur on Tibia
Closed Chain
An exercise or movement in which the distal end of the “chain” is fixed.
Ex: Squat (Foot is on the ground, tibia is moving on the on the stable talus)
Open Chain
An exercise or movement in which the proximal end of the “chain” is fixed.
ex: seated knee extension (Femur is stable, and the tibia is moving on the femur)
Active Range of Motion (AROM)
Patient Performs Movement.
- Muscle tightness, pain, muscles aren’t firing, stiff Joint.
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
Therapist performs the movement
- Muscle guarding, bone n bone reach end point, swelling, joint tightness.
Normal End-Feels
The end feel is a type of sensation or feeling which the examiner experienced when the joint is at the end of its available passive range of motion.
Abnormal End-Feels
Occurs sooner or later in the ROM than is usual or in a joint that isn’t the standard end feel
Normal Hard End-Feel
Bone contacting Bone
Ex: Elbow extension
Normal Firm End-Feel
Three types:
- Muscular Stretch (Hip flexion w/ knee straight)
- Capsular Stretch (Extension of metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers)
- Ligamentous Stretch (Forearm supination)
Normal Soft End-Feel
Soft Tissue Approximation (Knee flexion - contact between soft tissue of posterior leg and posterior thigh)
Abnormal Soft End-Feel
Occurs sooner or later int eh ROM than is usual or in a join that normally has a firm or har end-feel. Feels Boggy
E: Soft Tissue edema, Synovitis
Abnormal Firm End-Feel
Occurs sooner or later in the ROM than is usual or in a join that normally has a soft or hard end-feel
Ex: Increased muscular tonus; Capsular, muscular, ligamentous, and fascial shortening.
Abnormal Hard End-Feel
Occurs sooner or later in the ROM than is usual or in a joint that normally has a soft or hard end-feel
Ex: Chonodromalacia, Osteoarthritis; loose bone fragments in joint, myositis ossificans, Fracture
Abnormal Empty End-Feel
No real end-feel because pain prevents reaching end of ROM. No resistance is felt except for individual’s protective muscle splinting or muscle spasm (guarding due to pain).
Ex: Acute Joint inflammation, Bursitis, abscess, fracture, psychogenic disorder.
Capsular pattern of Limitation
Pathological condition that effects the entire joint capsule.
ex: acute - fluid, inflammation, infection
ex: Chronic inflammation - scarring, fibrosis
Capsular pattern (cyriax)
Notion at a joint is limited in all directions AND in a specific pattern unique to that specific joint
ex: the shoulder is limited in a specific pattern.
Non-Capsular Pattern
Limited in only 1 or 2 motions of a joint and no pattern present
