Joint and Multinational Forces Flashcards
The greatest lesson of this war has been the extent to which air, land, and see operations Ken it must be coordinated by joint planning in unified command. Attainment of better coordination and balance the now exists between services in a central of national security.
General Henry ‘Hap’ Arnold
The Joint Force is composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments operating under a single ___________.
Joint Force Commander (JFC)
There are three types of joint forces:
(1) Combatant command (CCMD)
(2) Subordinate unified command (also called sub-unified command)
(3) Joint task force (JTF)
A _____________ is established when the scope, complexity, or other factors of the contingency or crisis require capabilities of Services from at least two Military Departments operating under a single JFC.
Joint Task Force (JTF)
A ___________ will be the JTF-establishing authority in most situations, but the Secretary of Defense, a
sub-unified command commander, and/or a
commander, joint task force (CJTF), may also establish subordinate JTFs.(Figure 1-53)
Combatant Commander (CCDR)
The CJTF usually designates a ___________ to establish unity of command and unity of effort for joint air operations.
Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC)
When required, the CJTF designates a __________ and
establishes the commander’s authority and responsibilities to exercise Command and Control (C2) over land operations.
Joint Force Land Component Commander (JFLCC)
The CJTF may designate a _________ to C2 joint maritime operations.
Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC)
The CJTF may designate a ___________ or joint special operations task force (JSOTF) commander to accomplish a specific mission or control Special Operation Forces (SOF) in the Joint Operations Area.
Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander (JFSOCC)
The Air Force presents the full range of Air Force capabilities to the Joint Task Force (JTF) Commander via an _____________________.
Air & Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF)
The AETF is presented under the command of a single ____________.
Commander of Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR)
A ________________ allows the Air Force to prepare and present forces and capabilities to Combatant Commanders globally.
force generation construct (AETF)
Document designed to be predictable, transparent, and equitable.
force generation construct (AETF)
Allows home stations to reconstitute forces so the capability can be provided on a sustained basis.
force generation construct (AETF)
1) Align functional capabilities with deploy-to-dwell ratios.
2) Align AEF battle rhythms and provides increased predictability of vulnerability period.
3) Make Airmen vulnerable for deployment and are deployed based on the need for their capabilities by Combatant Commanders.
4) Ensure Airmen will not deploy for longer periods or more than their capabilities are required.
How a force generation construct allows home stations to reconstitute forces so the capability can be provided on a sustained basis
(This is done by)
1) There is a Request For Forces (RFF)
2) Used by a Combatant Commander to obtain forces not already assigned or available in order to accomplish an assigned mission.
3) Deployed in-place operations.
4) Support operations 24/7 worldwide from an individual’s home station.
5) An individual at a CONUS base providing live ISR support for another unit in a deployed location overseas.
6) When the mission is complete, the Airmen are able to leave their duty position and go home at the end of the day.
Non-AEF deployments
The AEF Schedule operates on two 12-month life cycles that align with the __________________ and coincide with fiscal years.
Global Force Management (GFM) Cycle
Every XX months, a new XX-month AEF Schedule will be established.
12 / 24
A __________________ is the largest AETF and consists of multiple Air Expeditionary Wings (AEW) with subordinate Air Expeditionary Groups (AEG) and Air Expeditionary Squadrons (AES).
Numbered Expeditionary Air Force (NEAF)
The _______________ is a scalable, tailorable organization with three components. A single, clearly designated commander, appropriate command and control mechanisms, and tailored and fully supported forces.
air expeditionary task force (AETF)
The elements of an ATF may be deployed forward into a theater, or some may be available elsewhere, either in theater or even in the CONAS, available via _______________.
reach back
The AETF may be a fully combat capable, numbered Air Force-sized composite force fighting a major operation with a substantial in theater presence, as in __________________.
Operation IRAQI FREEDOM
It may be a few squadrons of combat aircraft with associated support as part of a standing operation, as in _______________.
Operation NOBLE EAGLE
It may be an air mobility-centric operation delivering food and medical supplies in a relief operation, as in _____________, the 2010 earthquake relief effort in Haiti.
Operation UNIFIED RESPONSE
An AETC’s desired effect might not directly involved combat air power. After supporting the initial insertion of forces into Haiti in 1994, the Air Force’s main element in ___________ was a medical unit.
Operation UPHOLD DEMOCRACY
It is important to understand that Air Power is flexible in organization and presentation. Because it encompasses a wide range of capabilities in operating environments, it defies a single, general model of organization, planning, and employment. Some assets and capabilities provide relatively localized effects and generally are more easily deployable, and thus may organize and operate with a _____________. Other assets and capabilities transcend geographic areas of responsibility simultaneously, and thus have global responsibilities. Such forces may be better organized and controlled through a ___________. However, at the focus of operations within any region, it is possible to place the collective capabilities of air power in the hands of a single _________ through skillful arrangement of command relationships, focused expeditionary organization, reach back, and forward deployment of specialized talent.
regional model / functional model / airman
Marine Corps forces normally conduct operations as part of a _______________, which consists of significant elements, assigned or attached, from two or more military departments operating under a single commander.
joint force
Marine Corps forces are usually task-organized and employed as ____________________.
Marine air-ground task forces (MAGTFs).
_____________ have unique and incomparable warfighting capabilities; containing organic air, ground, and logistic elements under a single command element, making them integrated and self-sustaining.
MAGTFs
All MAGTFs consist of four elements:
Command element, Ground combat element (GCE), Aviation combat element (ACE), Logistics combat element (LCE)
The ___________ in a MAGTF task-organizes to provide the command and control capabilities necessary for effective planning, execution, and assessment of operations.
Command element
The ___________ in a MAGTF:
1 ) Conducts ground operations
2 ) Only element that can seize and occupy territory
Ground combat element (GCE)
The ___________ in a MAGTF:
3) Conducts air operations
4) Projects combat power
Aviation combat element (ACE)
The ___________ in a MAGTF:
Provides all functions of tactical logistics necessary to support continued readiness and sustainability
Logistics combat element (LCE)
A standing naval task group consisting of a carrier, embarked air wing, surface combatants, and submarines as assigned in direct support, operating in mutual support with the task of destroying hostile submarine, surface, and air forces within the group’s assigned operational area and striking at targets along hostile shore lines or projecting power inland.
Carrier strike group (CSG)
A _____________________ consists of:
(a) An aircraft carrier (CVN)
(b) Carrier air wing
(c) Up to five surface combatants (three of which are normally land attack cruise missile capable)
(d) A fleet oiler
(e) Direct support submarine(s)
baseline carrier strike group
The _____________________ includes:
(a) Amphibious assault ship.
1. LHA (general purpose)
2. LHD (multipurpose)
(b) Amphibious transport dock (LPD)
(c) Dock landing ship (LSD)
baseline amphibious ready group with embarked Marine expeditionary unit (ARG/MEU)
The _________ organize to conduct decisive action, which is the continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks
Brigade combat teams (BCTs)
The division or JTF acts as a tactical headquarters that can control up to ______ BCTs in high- or mid-intensity combat operations.
6
What act as a BCT’s tactical HQ?
The division or JTF
The three types of BCTs are:
(a) Infantry brigade combat team (IBCT)
(b) Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT)
(c) Armored brigade combat team (ABCT)
BCT capabilities are ___________ to meet mission
requirements.
scalable
Multination Operations are operations conducted by forces of ______________, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance
two or more nations
Other possible arrangements include supervision by an _______________ such as the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
intergovernmental organization (IGO)
Name some intergovernmental organizations (IGO).
the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Commonly used terms under the multinational rubric include allied, bilateral, coalition, combined, or multilateral
allied, bilateral, coalition, combined, or multilateral
An _____________ is the relationship that results from a formal agreement between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members.
alliance
A ___________ is an arrangement between two or more nations for common action.
coalition
_____________ are typically ad hoc, formed by different nations, often with different objectives, usually for a single event or for a longer period while addressing a narrow sector of common interest.
coalitions
Although nations will often participate in multinational operations, they rarely, if ever, relinquish ________________ of their forces
national command
As such, forces participating in a multinational operation will always have at least two distinct chains of command:
a national chain of command and a multinational chain of command
National Command - Who always retains it and cannot relinquish national command authority over U.S. forces?
President, the Commander in Chief
Multinational Command - Command authority for a __________________ is normally negotiated between the participating nations and can vary from nation to nation.
multinational force commander (MNFC)
There are two key structural enhancements that should improve the coordination of MNFs:
1) Liaison network
2) Coordination centers
_____________ is vital as differences in doctrine, organization, equipment, training, and national law demand a robust liaison structure to facilitate operations for multinational operations.
Liaison Network
Benefits of using liaisons for multinational operations:
1) Invaluable confidence-building tool
2) Significant source of information
3) Foster better understanding of mission and tactics
4) Facilitate the ability to integrate and synchronize operations
5) Assist in the transfer of vital information
6) Enhance mutual trust
7) Develop an increased level of teamwork
_______________ are a proven means of integrating the participating nations’ military forces into the multinational planning and operations processes, enhancing coordination and cooperation, and supporting an open and full interaction within the MNF structure.
Coordination Centers
________________ require unique modes of employment, tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment and are often conducted in hostile, denied, or politically and/or diplomatically sensitive environments
Special Operations
What are characterized by one or more of the following: Time-sensitivity Clandestine or covert nature Low visibility Work with or through indigenous forces Greater requirements for regional orientation and cultural expertise Higher degree of risk
Special Operations
_______________ provide JFCs and chiefs of mission with discrete, precise, and scalable options that can be synchronized with activities of other interagency partners to achieve United States Government (USG) objectives.
Special Operations
Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or diplomatically sensitive environments and which employ specialized military capabilities to seize, destroy, capture, exploit, recover, or damage designated targets.
Direct Action (DA)
Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces.
Special reconnaissance
SOF support U.S. government efforts to curtail the development, possession, proliferation, use, and effects of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), related expertise, materials, technologies, and means of delivery by state and non-state actors.
Countering weapons
of mass destruction
(WMD)
Actions taken directly against terrorist networks, and indirectly to influence and render global and regional environments inhospitable to terrorist networks.
Counterterrorism
Activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area.
Unconventional warfare (UW)
Participation by civilian and military agencies of a government in any of the action programs taken by another government or other designated organization to free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its security.
Foreign internal defense (FID)
The DoD activities that contribute to unified action by the U.S. Government to support the development of the capacity and capability of foreign security forces and their supporting institutions.
Security Force Assistance (SFA)
Hostage rescue and recovery operations are sensitive crisis response missions in response to terrorist threats and incidents.
Hostage rescue and recovery
Comprehensive civilian and military efforts designed to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes.
Counterinsurgency
DoD activities conducted outside the United States and its territories to directly relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger or privation.
Foreign humanitarian assistance
The planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals.
Military information support operations (MISO)
Enhance the relationship between military forces and civil authorities in localities where military forces are present. Require coordination with other interagency organizations, intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, indigenous populations and institutions, and the private sector. Involve application of functional specialty skills that normally are the responsibility of civil government to enhance the conduct of civil-military operation.
Civil affairs operation
Name the Special Operations Core Activities (12)
Direct Action (DA), Special reconnaissance, Countering weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Counterterrorism, Unconventional warfare (UW), Foreign internal defense (FID), Security Force Assistance (SFA), Hostage rescue and recovery, Counterinsurgency, Foreign humanitarian assistance, Military information support operations, Civil affairs operation
__________ is the umbrella term for those regular and Reserve Component Air Force forces, or those units or forces that have since been designated as SOF by the Secretary of Defense.
AFSOC
The ____________, U.S. Special Operations Command normally exercises combatant command authority over all AFSOF.
Commander
____________ are relatively small forces that may operate independently from other friendly forces.
AFSOF
__________ are designed to assess, shape, and influence in foreign political and military environments unilaterally or by working with host nations, regional partners, and indigenous populations in a culturally attuned manner that is both immediate and enduring in order to enable the nation to prevent and deter conflict or prevail in war.
AFSOF
________________ may differ from conventional operations in degree of strategic, physical, and political risk; operational techniques; modes of employment; and dependence on intelligence and indigenous assets.
Special operations
They employ sophisticated communications systems and special means of infiltration, support, and exfiltration to penetrate and return from hostile, denied, or politically sensitive areas.
AFSOF
True or False… AFSOF should complement and not compete with, nor be a substitute for conventional forces.
True
____________ are composed of:
(a) Special Operations (SO) aviation units (including unmanned aircraft systems).
(b) Special Tactics personnel (including combat control teams, pararescue personnel, special operations weather teams, and select tactical air control party [TACP]).
(c) Dedicated SOF intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR) units.
(d) Aviation foreign internal defense (FID) units.
(e) Support capabilities such as:
1 Command and control (C2)
2 Information operations (IO)
3 Combat support functions
AFSOF
The ________________ is the aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information.
information environment
The Information Operations (IO) consists of three interrelated dimensions:
Physical, Informational, Cognitive
The ____________ dimension of IO includes, but is not limited to, human beings, C2 facilities, newspapers, books, microwave towers, computer processing units, laptops, smart phones, tablet computers, and any other objects
that are subject to empirical measurement.
physical
The ____________ dimension of IO represents the content of the information used by the decision maker. Once someone applies meaning to any data element, the data element is transduced into information.
Information
The ____________ dimension of IO encompasses the minds of those who transmit, receive, and respond to or act on information.
Cognitive
It is the dimension where the C2 of military forces is exercised and where the commander’s intent is conveyed in the IO.
Information
_____ is the integrated employment, during military operations, of information-related capabilities in concert with other lines of operation to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp the decision-making of adversaries and potential adversaries while protecting our own.
IO
When effectively integrated into operations in the same manner as traditional capabilities, ______ provides friendly forces the ability to collect, control, exploit, and defend information without effective opposition.
IO
military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) or to attack the enemy.
Electronic warfare (EW)
induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator’s objectives.
Military information support operations (MISO)
actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military, paramilitary, or violent extremist organization decision makers, thereby
causing the adversary to take specific actions (or fail to
take actions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission.
Military deception (MILDEC)
process of identifying critical information and subsequently analyzing friendly actions attendant to military operations and other activities.
Operations security (OPSEC)
An example of __________ occurred in late 1990, just before the start of Operation DESERT STORM. The media was allowed to cover U.S. amphibious training in the Persian/Arabian Gulf, documenting U.S. force capabilities. An amphibious landing was a viable military option open to commanders, even though it was not the Course of Action (COA) that they ultimately selected.
Iraqi forces repositioned to counter the anticipated amphibious assault, when, in fact the real assault occurred where the Iraqi forces had been previously positioned.
MILDEC
The central challenge to US prosperity and security is a reemergence of long-term, strategic competition by what the national security strategy classifies as ______________.
revisionist powers
_________ a more lethal force. _________ alliances in attract new partners. _________ the department for greater performance in affordability.
Lethal / strengthen / Reform
Five Core Missions
freedom from attack and freedom to attack: any target anytime: delivery on demand eyes and ears on adversaries total flexibility
Air and space superiority - freedom from attack and freedom to attack
Global strike - any tat any time
Rapid global mobility - delivery on demand
ISR - ears on adversaries
Command and Control - Total Flexibility
AF Priorities:
To win any fight any time to increase the lethality of the force to secure our future the lead the worlds most powerful teams because we are strong together
Restore readiness Cost-effective modernization Drive innovation Develop exceptional leaders Strengthen our alliances
