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MSK > Joint > Flashcards

Joint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the function of joints

A

Allow movement in 3-dimensions

Bear weight

Transfer the load evenly to the musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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3
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint

A

Teeth sockets

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4
Q

What is an example of cartilaginous joints

A

Intervertebral discs

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5
Q

What is an example of synovial joints

A

Metacarpophalangeal

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6
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

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7
Q

Define synarthroses with example

A

Immovable joints, mostly fibrous

e.g. skull sutures

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8
Q

Define amphiarthroses with example

A

Slight moveable joints, mostly cartilaginous

E.g. intervertebral discs

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9
Q

Define diarthroses with examples

A

Freely moveable joints, mostly synovial

E.g. hip

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10
Q

What are the three examples of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

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11
Q

Explain sutures

A

Occur only between bones of the skull - allow skull growth in development

Adjacent bones interdigitate

Junction filled with very short tissue fibres

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12
Q

Describe syndesmoses

A

Bones are connected by a cord (ligament) or sheet (interosseous membrane) of fibrous tissue

Amount of movement permitted is proportional to length of fibre

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13
Q

Describe gomphoses

A

A peg-in-socket fibrous joint found only in tooth articulation

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14
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses
Symphyses

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15
Q

Describe synchondroses

A

Bones are directly connected by hyaline cartilage

Usually amphiarthroses e.g. slightly moveable e.g. costal cartilage of the rib

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16
Q

Describe symphyses

A

Connecting cartilage is a pad or a plate of fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral discs

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17
Q

Joint classification summary

A

Fibrous - synarthrosis - suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Cartilaginous - amphiarthrosis - synchondrosis, symphysis

Synovial - diarthrosis

18
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Articulating bones are separated by fluid-filled cavity

Most joints in the body fit into this category

19
Q

What are the 5 characteristic features of synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage

Joint capsule - the inner layer is the synovial membrane

Joint (synovial) cavity - a space filled with synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

Reinforcing ligaments

20
Q

What are the types of cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage

  • all contain chondrocytes - synthesise extracellular matrix
21
Q

Define bursae

A

Fluid filled sacs lined by synovial membrane

22
Q

Define menisci

A

Disc of fibrocartilage

2 cover surface of tibia and femur

23
Q

Describe articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

Almost frictionless surface

Resists compressive loads

High water content

Low cell content

No blood supply

24
Q

What are the articular cartilage zones

A

Superficial zone (10-20%)
Middle/intermediate zone (40-60%
Deep zone (30%)
Calcified zone
Subchondral zone

25
Q

Describe synovial fluid

A

Joint lubricant

Covers articulating surfaces with thin film (0.5ml)

Modified from plasma by synovial membrane (synoviocytes)

Result = slimy fluid - like egg white

Reduce friction during articulation

26
Q

Describe synovial membrane

A

Sits on the joint capsule and encloses synovial cavity

Only a few cells thick

Can have villi and projections to increase surface area

Secretes synovial fluid components - hyaluronate and a source of inflammatory cells in rheumatoid arthritis

27
Q

What do ligaments connect

A

Bone to Bone

28
Q

What is the role of ligaments

A

Stabilise joints

Less regularly arranged fibre than tendons

Can stretch up to 6% before breaking

May contain more elastic fibres than tendons (generalisation)

29
Q

What do tendons connect

A

Bone to muscle

30
Q

What is the role of tendons

A

Stabilise joints

Made of dense regular connective tissue - rich in type 1 collagen

Allow muscles to be accommodated at a distance from their insertion

Provides a solid base (insertion to bone) on which muscles can pull

31
Q

What stabilises joints

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Muscles

32
Q

How do joint mechanics work

A

A synovial joint is the fulcrum of a level system

A lever can apply a torque (twist) about a fulcrum, proportional to force x distance

33
Q

Describe a first class lever

A

Fulcrum is in the middle (elbow joint)

The force is at one end (the triceps muscle)

Resistance is at the other end (the weight being pulled) e.g. pulling weight downwards

34
Q

Describe a second class level

A

The fulcrum is at one end (e.g. temporomandibular joint)

The force is at the other end (the muscles of the chin)

Resistance is at the centre (the muscles attached to the coronoid process)

35
Q

Describe third class lever

A

Fulcrum is at one end (e.g. elbow joint)

The force is in the middle (biceps muscle)

Resistance is at the other end (the weight being pulled) e.g. pulling the weight upwards

36
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint

A

Synovial joint - ball and socket

Held in securely in place by strong ligaments and heavy cylindrical joint capsule

37
Q

What are the main stabilising ligaments in the hip joint

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

38
Q

Describe the shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket

Stability sacrificed for rang of movement

Joint capsule is loose

Dislocation of the shoulder quite common

Rotator cuff muscles help in stabilisation but are prone to injury - especially at tendon insertion sites

39
Q

What are the stabilising ligaments of the shoulder

A

Glenoidal labrum - fibrocartilage
Coracohumeral ligament
Three glenohumeral ligaments
Transverse humeral ligament

40
Q

What are the tendons and muscles which stabilise the shoulder

A

Long head of biceps branchii

Tendons of the rotator cuff
- subscapularis
- suprascapularis
- infraspinatus
- teres minor

41
Q

What is the knee joint

A

Not a hinge joint

Femur and tibia = condyloid - ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another

Femur and patella = gliding

Joint capsule thin but strengthened by many tendons and ligaments

MSK (13 decks)

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