John F. Kennedy Flashcards
done
who was LBJ for Kennedy?
vice pres
who was Bobby Kennedy in Kennedy’s administration?
ran his election campaign
who was Dean Rusk in Kennedy’s administration?
Secretary of State
who was Robert McNamara in Kennedy’s administration?
Secretary of Defense
who was Sargent Shriver in Kennedy’s administration?
director of peace corps
who was McGeorge Bundy in Kennedy’s administration?
US National Security Advisor
what was the ‘New Frontier’?
Kennedy’s policies
what did the Housing Act under Kennedy do?
created 420,000 construction jobs
$175 million into American workers pockets
how much was spent on extra welfare benefits?
$200 million
how many children did the welfare benefits apply to?
750,000
how much was invested into unemployment benefits?
$780 million
how many Americans did the unemployment benefits help get back on their feet?
3 million
what did the 1962 executive order provide?
collective bargaining rights for federal employees
when was the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act?
1962
what did the 1961 Fair Labour Standards Act do?
placed young people in jobs and training to protect them from being underpaid
how much did Social Security benefits increase by?
20%
what did the School Lunch Act provided kids?
free lunches and milk
how many people did the food stamp programme feed?
250,000 people
what is Medicare?
universal healthcare bill for the elderly
what did the Social Security Act of 1963 do?
millions of children were vaccinated
more attention given to those with learning diabilities and physical disabilities
what did the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1963 do?
tightened federal regulations on therapeutic drugs
what was a 1/3 of the New Frontier legislative?
Education
what were the 2 main things in the educational aspect of the New Frontier?
Vocational Education Act of 1963
expansion of scholarships and student loans
what is the Educational Television Facilities Act of 1962?
money provided to aid the use of television in education
how much was spent on Kennedy’s housing programmes?
$3.19 billion
where did Kennedy’s housing programmes mainly focus on?
middle and low income families and the retired
how much did the urban renewal grants go up by?
$2 million to $4 million
how many new houses were constructed during Kennedy’s presidency?
100,000
what did the Clean Air Act in 1963 do?
expanded the National Park system
what did kennedy do to reduce water pollution?
double the funding for it
when was the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women establised?
December 1961
when was ‘American Women’ issued?
1963
what did ‘American Women highlight?
the degree of discrimination against women in the workplace
when was the Equal Pay Act signed into law?
June 1963
what did the Equal Pay Act allow for women?
171,000 women to reclaim pay amounting to $84 million over the next 10 years
when was the civil rights bill introduced?
1963
when was the Voter Education project launched?
April 1961
what committee did the Voter Education Project establish?
Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
what forced the desegregation of interstate travel?
Interstate Commerce Commission
how much did kennedy given to NASA to put a man on the moon?
$9 billion
how many Germans escaped to West Berlin by July 1961?
300,000
what did Khrushchev put between East and West Berlin?
barbed wire along their boarder
how was the boarder controlled and what were the consequences if it was crossed?
strictly controlled
anyone caught faced imprisonment and if you did cross it you were shot
how did Dean Rusk exploit the situation on the boarder of West and East Berlin?
used it for propoganda
what did Khrushchev think of Kennedy regarding international issues?
thought of him as a coward
when did JFK go to West Berlin?
June 1963
why did JFK go to West Berlin?
to reiterate US’ commitment to the city and to give speech
what did Kennedy’s visit do in Europe?
reduce tensions
what did Khrushchev famously say about Berlin?
‘Berlin is the testicle of the West. When I want the West to scream, I squeeze on Berlin’
what CIA plan did JFK inherit?
Bay of Pigs
when were majority of exiles captured in Cuba?
April 1961
when did Khrushchev place missiles in Cuba?
October 1962
who was leader of Cuba?
Castro
how long and when was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
13 days, October 1962
what does a U2 plane discover?
missiles in Cuba
how far away were Soviet ships from coast of cuba?
750 miles
what causes JFK to double flights over Cuba?
Soviet refusal to remove missiles
what does the first telegram say?
Khrushchev offering to remove dismantle missiles if JFK doesn’t invade Cuba
what caused the 2nd telegram?
U2 plane shot down over Cuba
what does the second telegram say?
that Kennedy would dismantle missiles in Turkey
what did Communist North Vietnam encourage in South Vietnam and why?
rebellions
hope to reunify the country and establish guerrilla force
what did Kennedy sanction in Vietnam?
build up of advisers adn provision to aid Diem
how many advisors were in Vietnam in 1960?
800
how many advisors were in Vietnam in 1963?
23,000
what were strategic hamlets?
moving south Vietnamese peasants from their villages to fortified villages away from influence of Vietcong
what did kennedy do to combat guerrilla warfare?
adopted tactic ‘flexible response’ using different fighting and propaganda
how did Vietcong get support from the South Vietnamese?
payed for food and treated them with respect
why was ‘strategic hamlets’ resented?
because of their spiritual beliefs
couldn’t connect to dead family members to keep their spirit
what did diems persecution of Buddhist majority lead to?
self - immolation
what is self-immolation?
setting oneself on fire
when was Diem killed?
weeks before Kennedy
when did the sit-ins start?
February 1960
who participated in the sit-ins and why?
students because they lacked financial commitments and families to care for
what were the sit-ins?
black students would go into segregated restaurants, sit in white only areas and asked to be served
who organised sit-ins?
SNCC
what does SNCC stand for?
Student Non-Violent Co-Coordinating Committee
what retaliation did sit-ins face?
violence
how many sit-ins took place within a month?
500,000
who set up the Freedom rides?
CORE
when were the Freedom rides?
Spring 1961
how many riders were there on the Freedom Ride?
13 riders, 7 black, 6 white
what was the path of freedom ride?
Washington Dc to New Orleans. ended in Jackson Mississippi
what did the Freedom Ride prompt?
violence and intimidation (badly beaten riders)
how many rides were there total?
60
when were the instructions that ended segregation in interstate travel and facilities?
1 Nov 1961
what’s the Albany campaign?
boycotts in Albany
when was the Albany campaign?
1961-1962
where were the boycotts in the Albany campaign?
libraries, parks, buses
what instructions did Laurie Pritchett give to officers?
protect demonstrators
contact jails to ensure that African Americans wouldn’t be crowed in them
treat MLK with care
what happned when MLK was arrested in Albany campaign?
offered jail time or to pay a $178 fine (he chose jail time)
why was MLK released quickly in Albany campaign?
officer paid his fine
who is James Meredith?
first black person to attend University of Mississippi
what did James Meredith take advantage of?
GI bill, served in US air force
when did James Meredith enroll?
October 1962
what happened when James Meredith enrolled?
riots and 2 killed
how many marshalls were brought to maintain control?
500
how many were injured at ole miss?
40
when did James Meredith graduate?
August 1963wh
What did George Wallace do in June 1963 at the University of Alabama?
blocked access of 2 black students, which had already been desegregated
what did Kennedy have to do at the University of Alabama?
federalise the Alabama National Guard
who organised the Birmingham campaign?
SCLC
what does the SCLC stand for?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
when was the Birmingham campaign?
April 1963
why was Birmingham nicknamed Bombingham?
Ku Klux Klan bombings
what did the Birmingham campaign invovle?
marches, sit-ins and boycotts
what happened when MLK was arrested during the Birmingham campaign?
his wife contacted the Kennedy administration and king was realsed on 20 April 1963
who did James Bevel suggest should campaign and why in the Birmingham campaign?
young children
they lacked the responsibilities of adult protesters
more media friendly
what weapons did the police use in the Birmingham campaign?
clubs
dogs
high-pressure fire hoses
what was the response to the police brutality in the Birmingham campaign?
shocking images made front page news
damaged local businesses
what did Burke Marshall negotiate?
an agreement to start desegregating facilities
what was the aftermath of the Birmingham campaign?
3000b federal troops had to be positioned near Birmingham to federalise National Guard
4 months after (September 15) KKK members bombed a church killing 4 young girls
when was the March on Washington?
27 August 1963
how many marchers were at the March on Washington?
200,000
what 6 civil rights groups attented the March on Washington?
CORE
SNCC
SCLC
NAACP
Urban League
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
what was the goal of the March on Washington?
to increase pressure on the Kennedy Administration to go ahead with the civil rights legislation and to highlight economic prejudice
what did Kennedy ensure with the March on Washington?
that 19,000 troops were stationed in the suburbs incase of trouble
what famous speech was a given at the March on Washington?
‘I Have a Dream’ MLK
when was MLK awarde the Nobel Peace Prize?
1964
what did the 1960 Civil Rights Commission say?
that 57% of black housing was of substandard quality and said that black life expectancy was 7 years less then white people and infant mortality rate was twice as high
what is defranchisement?
to be denied the vote either through legal means or social and economic pressures
how was the Nation of Islam boosted?
exposure of Malcom X from ‘The Hate that Hate Produced’-
what is an example fo the general population opposing civil rights?
Hazel Massery pictured hurling abuse at Elizabeth Eckford during the Little Rock Crisis
where was the White Citizens Council formed?
Greenwood, Mississippi
when was the White Citizens Councils formed?
July 1954
who in the middle class were more likely to join the White Citizens Council?
local businessmen
bank managers
newspaper proprietors
what did the Presidential Commission of the Status of Womenreport?
95% of managers were male
4% of lawyers were women
7% of doctors were women
women earned 55% of the wages of men whilist doing the same work
what was the most significant development in the feminist movement in Kennedy’s presidency?
publishing of ‘The Feminine Mystique’ by Betty Friedan
what did ‘The Feminine Mystique’ question?
why edcuated women were so dillusioned in the US
why didnt women notice thier social situation after the war?
because of their lack of energy and little time from the baby boom
what is misandry?
the hatred of men
what did the youth have an increase in?
independence through part time jobs
how did the youth use their ‘voice’?
music
film
fashion
what began to develop in major cities?
gangs
what was one of the first instances of organsied youth?
SNCC’s protests
the politicalisation of many young people
