Harry Truman Flashcards

1
Q

when was he president?

A

1945 - 1952

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2
Q

what party did he belong to?

A

Democrat

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3
Q

what was the North East US like?

A

traditional politically, financially and an educational powerhouse, sophisticated and responsible

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4
Q

what was the mid west like?

A

sparsely populated and lacked major cities

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5
Q

what was the South like?

A

more traditional and embraced segregation

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6
Q

what was the border of mexico like?

A

oil rich and had a population explosition

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7
Q

what was the east coast like?

A

lacked political influence

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8
Q

what was the west coast like?

A

more relaxed and liberal

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9
Q

how many white people in 1945?

A

130 million

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10
Q

what were the 5 ethnic groups in US?

A

White, Asian (smallest), African American (largest, 14 million), Native and Hispanics

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11
Q

when was the Wall Street Crash and what did it do?

A

1929 - 1945
levelled many inequalities and created ‘thrift’ culture and hard workers in middle class

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12
Q

what were ‘blue collar’ workers now protected by?

A

Trade Unions / ‘Organised Labour’

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13
Q

who was provided little protection under Trade Unions?

A

women and minority groups

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14
Q

what did the war lead to socially?

A

increase in social mobility between classes

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15
Q

females in workforce in 1944?

A

36%

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16
Q

how many US troops expected work in 1945?

A

12 mill

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17
Q

when was Yalta?

A

4-11 Feb 1945

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18
Q

what was discussed at Yalta?

A

loose agreements to split Germany into 4 zones
allow free elections in Germany
USSR join war against Japan after Germany

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19
Q

was Yalta a success or failure?

A

success

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20
Q

when was Potsdam conference?

A

17 Jul - 2 Aug 1945

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21
Q

what was discussed at Potsdam?

A

Poland’s borders
German disarmament & reparations - decision to trials for leading Nazis
little agreed

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22
Q

what caused tensions at Potsdam?

A

Truman not telling Stalin of development of atomic bombs

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23
Q

what happened 6 Aug 1945?

A

Hiroshima

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24
Q

what was the Truman Doctrine?

A

military aid to any country faced with takeover by an armed minority

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25
Q

what was the Marshall Plan / European Recovery Program?

A

economic aid offered to all European countries to help rebuild shattered economies

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26
Q

how much was given to the Marshall Plan?

A

$17 billion

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27
Q

who got most of the Marshall Plan?

A

France, UK and Germany

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28
Q

when was the Berlin airlift?

A

March 1948 - May 1949

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29
Q

what caused the Berlin airlift?

A

Berlin blockade on 25 March

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30
Q

how many supplies were sent by air in Berlin airlift?

A

1.5 million tonnes

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31
Q

how many flights were made to Berlin?

A

275,000

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32
Q

how long did the airlift and blockade last?

A

324 days

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33
Q

when did Stalin lift blockade?

A

12 May 1949

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34
Q

what was created from Berlin airlift?

A

NATO

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35
Q

what does NATO stand for?

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

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36
Q

when was the occupation of Japan?

A

Aug 1945 - 1952

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37
Q

when did Japan announce surrender?

A

14 August 1945

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38
Q

who was given dictatorial power and how many Us troops were involved in occupation of japan?

A

MacArthur
350,000

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39
Q

between 1945 - 52, who was banned from government posts?

A

communists

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40
Q

what did Article 9 do?

A

renounced war as instrument of policy

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41
Q

what was the government changed to in japan during the occupation of japan?

A

democratically elected government with votes for women

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42
Q

what changed American policy towards Japan?

A

Mao Zedong’s victory in China

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43
Q

why did Truman fear for Japan?

A

because it was an easy prey for communism

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44
Q

what boosted Japanese economy?

A

Korean war

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45
Q

what did Japan occupy and with what?

A

Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam with guerrilla warfare

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46
Q

who expected US support?

A

Ho Chi Minh

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47
Q

who did US support instead of Ho Chi Minh and how?

A

France - covered war costs

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48
Q

what was Korea divided on?

A

38th parallel

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49
Q

who blocked United Nations efforts regarding Korea?

A

USSR

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50
Q

who won election in South Korea?

A

Syngman Rhee

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51
Q

who did USSR install in korea in 1948?

A

Kim II Sung

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52
Q

when did US remove troops from Korea?

A

1948

53
Q

what happened when North Korea invaded South on 25 June 1950 and how many soldiers invaded?

A

faced little opposition because of lack of US troops
100,000

54
Q

when did the Untied Nations intervention begin in Korea?

A

July 1950

55
Q

in what year did MacArthur call to use atomic bombs in Korea and what consequences did he face?

A

1951
Truman removed him from power

56
Q

what did war in Korea show about Truman?

A

that he was willing to use American military to back up policies of containment

57
Q

how much did the Korean war cost US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in %?

A

14%

58
Q

how many US troops dead/injured from Korean War?

A

138,000

59
Q

who was the Chinese leader of the Nationalist party?

A

Jiang Jieshi

60
Q

who was the Chinese leader of the communist party?

A

Mao Zedong

61
Q

why did Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong meet?

A

for talks on formation post, the war government and truce

62
Q

when did Chinese civil war start?

A

1946

63
Q

where did Chinese Nationalist party flee to?

A

Taiwan

64
Q

when did communism take over China?

A

1 October 1949

65
Q

what was the ‘Fair Deal’ designed to do?

A

address problems of poverty

66
Q

how many soldiers demobilised in 1945?

A

9 mill

67
Q

how many soldiers were demobilised by 1946?

A

10.5 million

68
Q

what did demobilising soldiers lead too?

A

short-term unemployment

69
Q

what was the inflation rate?

A

25%

70
Q

when was the baby boom?

A

1945 to 1959

71
Q

what did the baby boom do economically?

A

created huge market for goods and services
stimulated housing

72
Q

what was built under the housing boom?

A

suburban housing cities (e.g., Levittown)

73
Q

what did the housing boom lead to?

A

booming car sales

74
Q

what was the car sale growth?

A

2.1 million in 1946
7.9 million in 1955

75
Q

how much money did was invested in GI bill?

A

$20 million

76
Q

how much did income per captia rise?

A

40%

77
Q

how was the economy in 1948?

A

improved and demand was growing

78
Q

what did the introduction of the Bretton-Woods and IMF & world bank promise?

A

new world economic order based around American concept of capitalism and trade

79
Q

what year did republicans win house and senate?

A

1946

80
Q

how did the republicans win house and senate?

A

they highlighted problems of re conversion from a war economy

81
Q

who was in dissary during Truman’s election?

A

Democrats

82
Q

how did Truman win the election?

A

he toured the country remorsefully, railing at the political gridlock

83
Q

what saying came formed in Truman’s election?

A

Give em hell Harry

84
Q

who had control of the house and senate by the end of Truman’s presidency?

A

Democrats

85
Q

what was Truman’s popularity rating by the end of his presidency?

A

22%

86
Q

why did factories change what they produced?

A

baby/consumer boom

87
Q

unemployment in 1950?

A

5%

88
Q

when did Truman announce his intention to maintain price controls?

A

Aug 1945

89
Q

when did the strikes hit steel, coal and railroad industries?

A

late 1945 - 1946

90
Q

what did Truman recommend in response to strikes?

A

compulsory meditation and arbitration

91
Q

what did the government warn in response to strikes?

A

that they would take strikers to court

92
Q

what were the measures under the Fair Deal

A

federal aid to education
tax cuts for low income families
increase in public housing
abolition of poll taxes
anti-lynching laws
new Department of welfare
increase to minimum wage
national health insurance and expanded social security coverage

93
Q

how much did minimum wage increase by?

A

25%

94
Q

how many Americans were employed by 1953 and what did it mean?

A

62 million
poverty reduced

95
Q

how many veterans took advantage of the GI bill?

A

7.8 million

96
Q

when did Joseph McCarthy claim there were communists in the Government?

A

Jan 1950

96
Q

why was there fear of USSR & Chinese armies?

A

USSR successful atomic bomb test Aug 1949

96
Q

how many members did the US communist party have?

A

80,000

97
Q

what economic fear was amongst the rich?

A

the consequences of communism

97
Q

what did Executive Order 9835 establish?

A

Federal loyalty boards designed to root out communist sympathisers

98
Q

how many communists did McCarthy say there were in the government?

A

205

99
Q

what did McCarthy exploit amongst the public?

A

fear of nuclear war

100
Q

what did Truman attempt to veto in 1952?

A

Internal Security Act, which allowed communists to be denied passports

101
Q

when were units segregated?

A

before 1940

102
Q

where were black soldiers mainly stationed?

A

logistics

103
Q

why were soldiers segregated?

A

because of in fights

104
Q

why couldn’t black soldiers donate blood?

A

Red Cross would not except it

105
Q

what did the demand on wartime economy lead to?

A

‘Great Migration’ into north

106
Q

what increased political awareness in rural areas and what did it lead to?

A

black newspapers
rise of membership of NAACP

107
Q

when was NAACP created?

A

1909

108
Q

what does NAACP stand for?

A

National Association of the Advancement of Coloured People

109
Q

what did CORE focus on?

A

North and peaceful approach to CR

110
Q

when was CORE created?

A

1942

111
Q

what does CORE stand for?

A

Congress of Racial Equality

112
Q

what was it like for African Americans in the South?

A

they lived in small rural areas
worked agricultural jobs
Jim Crow laws
education was segregated
threat of violence and harraddment
de jure

113
Q

what was it like for African Americans in the North?

A

segregation not enforced
lived in small apartments
political power grew
jobs available but badly paid
relations with white people tense
police violence
economic segregation
de facto

114
Q

who was the most successful civil rights group?

A

NAACP

115
Q

what was the NAACP’s tactic?

A

challenging segregation through courts

116
Q

what did the NAACP focus on?

A

undermining the court decision from supreme court decision from 1896 ‘Plessy v Ferguson’ ‘separate but equal’

117
Q

what was said at ‘Plessy v Ferguson’?

A

plessy had not been discriminated when told to sit in coloured section of train

118
Q

what cases did NAACP win from 1944 to 1950?

A

1944 ‘Smith v Allwright’
1946 ‘Morgan v Virginia
1948 ‘Shelley vb Kramer’
1950 ‘Henderson v US
1950 ‘McLaurin v Oklahoma state’
1950 ‘Sweatt v ~Painter’

119
Q

when was Brown v Board of Education?

A

1954

120
Q

when was ‘The Presidents Committee on Civil Rights’ and why was it created?

A

1946
Truman wanted Bill of Rights to become a Reality

121
Q

when was ‘To Secure These Rights’?

A

1947

122
Q

what was ‘To Secure These Rights’?

A

scathing attack on all aspects of discrimination; citing education, housing, public facilities and voting

123
Q

what was the response?

A

civil rights speech to Congress (Feb 1948) asking them to support measures

124
Q

what are Dixiecrats?

A

segregationist Democrats

125
Q

who opposed ‘To Secure These Rights’?

A

extreme racists
southern politicians